In the dynamic field of photovoltaic technology, the search for efficiency and sustainability has led to continuous innovation, which has shaped the landscape of solar energy solutions. One of the key elements affecting the efficiency of second and third generation photovoltaic cells is the presence of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers, which are key elements affecting the efficiency and durability of solar panels, especially for DSSC, CdTe, CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide) or organic, perovskite and quantum dots. TCO with low electrical resistance, high mobility and high transmittance in the VIS-NIR region is particularly important in DSSC, CIGS and CdTe solar cells, serving as a window and electron transport layer. This layer must form an ohmic contact with adjacent layers, usually a buffer layer (such as CdS or ZnS), to ensure efficient charge collection. In addition it ensures protection against oxidation and moisture, which is particularly important when transporting the active cell structure to further process steps such as lamination, which ensures the final seal. Transparent conductive oxide layers, which typically include options such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), serve a dual purpose in photovoltaic applications. Mainly located as the topmost layer of solar cells, TCOs play a key role in transmitting sunlight while facilitating the efficient collection and transport of generated electrical charges. As the global demand for clean energy grows and the photovoltaic industry develops rapidly, understanding the differential contribution of TCO layers becomes particularly important, especially in the context of using PV modules as building-integrated elements (BIPV). The use of transparent or semi-transparent modules allows the use of building glazing, including windows and skylights. In addition, given the dominant position of the Asian market in the production of silicon-based cells and modules, the European market is intensifying work aimed at finding a competitive PV technology. In this context, thin-film, organic modules could prove to be competitive. To this end, in this work, we focused on the electrical parameters of two different thicknesses of a transparent FTO layer. First, the influence of the FTO layer thickness on transmittance over a wide range was verified. Next, the chemical composition was determined, and key electrical parameters, including carrier mobility, resistivity, and Hall coefficient, were quantified.
transparent conductive layer; transparent electrode; transparent photovoltaic; transparent BIPV; TCO etc
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