An Analytical Study based on a Virus Disease Infecting Datura stramonium L

India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Datura stramonium stramonium) is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs. Datura (Familiy-solanaceae), a genus of poisonous herbs, shrubs or small trees, is distributed throughout the tropical and warm temperate region of the world. The word ‘Datura’ is derived from the Arabic name ‘Tatorah’ or the Hindustani ‘Dhatura’.This genus is represented by about 11 species (Datura ceratocaula, D. innoxia, D. metel, D. quercifolia, D. stramonium, D. tatula, D. discolor, D. wrightii, D. alba, D. fastuosa, D. ferox) of which D. innoxia, D. metel and D. stramonium important drug plant whereas some are ornamenatals. (D. innoxia and D. metel). This paper is based on the analytical issues related with Datura.


INTRODUCTION:
Datura stramonium, known by the names jimsonweed or Devil's snare, is a plant in the nightshade family. It is believed to have originated in Mexico but has now become naturalized in many other regions. Other common names for stramonium include thornapple and moon flower, and it has the Spanish name toloache. Other names for the plant include hell's bells, devil's trumpet, weed, tolguacha, Jamestown weed, locoweed, pricklyburr, cucumber [8] and Thornapple. All species of Datura contain powerful alkaloids which in sufficient quantities have the power to kill. The main alkaloids @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -1 | Nov-Dec 2017 , known by the English snare, is a plant in nightshade family. It is believed to have originated Mexico but has now become naturalized in many other regions. Other common names for D.
moon flower, and er names for the devil's trumpet, devil's Jamestown weed, stinkweed, pricklyburr, devil's Thornapple. All species of Datura contain powerful alkaloids which in sufficient quantities have the power to kill. The main alkaloids are Scopolamine, Hyoscyamin and Atropine. Scopolamine is intermediate in its central action between atropine and hyoscine. It causes less stimulation of the central nervous system than atropine and is a weaker sedative and hypnotic than hyoscine but is less powerful than atropine in its peripheral action. It's used to relieve fermon rigidity and excessive salivation in paralysis agitans. It is less reliable as a rapid sedative than hyoscine. Hyoscyamine is narcotic, antispasmodic and anodyne, and is used chiefly to relieve the spasm of the bronchioles in asthma. The leaves are applied to boils, sores and fish bites and the juice of the flowers is used for earache. The juice expressed from the fruit is applied to the scalp for curing dandruff and falling hair. There is some dispute regarding the regions of the origin of Datura species. Due to the pres greatest variety of species in Mexico and Central America some found somewhere in the vicinity of the Caspian sea from where if spread south to Africa and east to Asia, eventually arriving in Europe supposedly with the gypsies, sometimes during the middle ages.
Datura has always played a significant role a "Culture plant" and evidence regarding their uses both in Asia and in New World date back atleast 3000 years. In both hemispheres Daturas were regarded as sacred and especially valued for their power to induce visionary dreams to see the future and to re causes of diseases and misfortune. In Eurosia references to the uses and sacred status of Datura (mainly D.metel) can be found from the Caspian Sea to China. Especially in India, it found highly revered place of honour as one of the Shiva's sacred According to the Vamana Purana it grew out of Dec Scopolamine is intermediate in its central action between atropine and hyoscine. It causes less the central nervous system than atropine and is a weaker sedative and hypnotic than hyoscine but is less powerful than atropine in its s used to relieve fermon rigidity and excessive salivation in paralysis agitans. It is less e as a rapid sedative than hyoscine. Hyoscyamine is narcotic, antispasmodic and anodyne, and is used chiefly to relieve the spasm of the bronchioles in asthma. The leaves are applied to boils, sores and fish bites and the juice of the flowers is used arache. The juice expressed from the fruit is applied to the scalp for curing dandruff and falling hair. There is some dispute regarding the regions of species. Due to the presence of greatest variety of species in Mexico and Central merica some found somewhere in the vicinity of the Caspian sea from where if spread south to Africa and east to Asia, eventually arriving in Europe supposedly with the gypsies, sometimes during the middle ages.
has always played a significant role as "Culture plant" and evidence regarding their uses both in Asia and in New World date back atleast 3000 years. In both hemispheres Daturas were regarded as sacred and especially valued for their power to induce visionary dreams to see the future and to reveal the causes of diseases and misfortune. In Eurosia references to the uses and sacred status of Datura ) can be found from the Caspian Sea to China. Especially in India, it found highly revered place of honour as one of the Shiva's sacred plants. According    ) and Thuja (Thuja orientalis L.) extracts for inducing systemic resistance against PYV common strain in potato plants. The alcoholic extract of the above plants were used as tuber dipping before cultivation or foliage spraying after germination. The PVYo multiplication in the plants was followed serologically by ELISA. Results showed that dipping the tubers in the extract at 1,2,3 g/l for 24 hours, or spraying the foliage by the extracts at the same concentration exhibited a protection period to the plant against PVY infection up to one month in the presence of virus source with the vector Myzus persicae Sulz. Means of ELISA readings at 405 nm for samples from treated plants were found to be 0.11 and 0.125 for L. nodiflora extract X 0.13 and 0.12 for Datura metel extract 0.13 and 0.12 for T. orientalis extract for the three concentration and the two methods of application respectively, compared with 2.52 for untreated plants. No significant differences between the concentrations or between the methods of application on virus multiplication were observed.

Structure of Datura stramonium:
Datura stramonium is a foul-smelling, erect, annual, freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 60 to 150 cm (2 to 5 ft) tall.The root is long, thick, fibrous, and white. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale yellow-green. The stem forks off repeatedly into branches, and each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect flower.The leaves are about 8 to 20 cm (3-8 in) long, smooth, toothed, soft, and irregularly undulated. [12] The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green. The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and remains even after the leaves have been dried.Datura stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. The fragrant flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 6 to 9 cm (2 1 2 -3 1 2 in) long, and grow on short stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork. The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by five sharp teeth. The corolla, which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-shaped, and has prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant fragrance, and are fed upon by nocturnal moths. The egg-shaped seed capsule is 3 to 8 cm (1-3 in) in diameter and either covered with spines or bald. At maturity, it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small, black seeds. Exposure of the foetus to D. stromonium when a mother use it for asthma, will cause a continuous release of acetylcholine, resulting in the desensitization of nicotinic receptors, this could ultimately result in permanent damage to the foetus. Therefore we conclude that this African herbal remedy should be used with caution during pregnancy.

Anticholinergic activity
The alkaloids found in D. stramonium, are organic esters used clinically as anticholinergic agents. Jimson weed has been reported as a drug of abuse and has been involved in the accidental poisoning of humans and animals. Symptoms of acute jimson weed poisoning included dryness of the mouth and extreme thirst, dryness of the skin, pupil dilation and impaired vision, urinary retention, rapid heartbeat, confusion, restlessness, hallucinations, and loss of consciousness. The anticholinergic syndrome results from the inhibition of central and peripheral muscarinic neurotransmission.

Acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties
The ethanol extracts obtained from both leaf and seed in D. stromonium (Solanaceae) were investigated for acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties against adult two-spotted spider mites (T. urticaeKoch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. Leaf and seed extracts, which were applied in 167. 25

Anticancer activity
An integrated approach is needed to manage cancer using the growing body of knowledge gained through scientific developments. Thousands of herbal and traditional compounds are being screened worldwide International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -1 | Nov-Dec 2017 Page: 555 to validate their use as anti-cancerous drugs. D. stromonium in therapeutic dose of 0.05-0.10 g was used to cure cancer. Likely unsafe produce vomiting, hypertension, loss of consciousness may lead to coma but may interact with anti-cholinergic drugs[24].

Antiinflamatory activity
Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), D. stromonium and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) are traditionally used in treatment of inflammation. Ethanolic extracts of fruits of C. sativum, leaves of D. stromonium. Ethanolic extracts of fruits of C. sativum, leaves of D. stromonium and A. indica were subjected to preliminary screening for antiinflammatory activity in albino rats. All ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium against carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Among these plant A. indica showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity per hour.

Virus culture specifications:
Single lesion culture form Chenopodium amaranticolor was used and the virus isolate was maintained on Datura stramonium by mechanical sap inoculation. Periodic check to ensure identity of the isolate was made on Datura stramonium, Chenopodium amaranticolor and other appropriate hosts. Chenopodium amaranticolor plants were used in all cases. Standard extract was used as inoculum for maintaining the culture.