Synthesis of Epoxidizedcardanol from CNSL (Vietnam) by Glacial Acetic Acid and Hydrogen P

Cardanol obtained by vacuum distillation of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at 220 – 230 mmHg.Epoxidizedcardanol (ECD), derived from cardanol was synthesized at 65°C, DB/AA/ H2O2 :1/0.5/1, stirring rates are 1800 r/mand characterized by FT – IR, H NMR, TGA.


Introduction
In industrial applications the use of natural products is increasing due to concerns over environmental issues, waste disposal and depletion of non resources. Owing to the growing pressure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by fossil fuels, the need for developing alternate chemical feed stocks from renewable resources is immense. Furthermore, these materials are sometimes cheaper than petrochemicals.
Vietnam is the largest exporter of cashew nuts in the world. However, the cashew nut shell burns only while cashew nut shell oil has great economic potential. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) constitutes nearly one-third of the total nut weight; thus, a large amount of CNSL is formed as a by-product of the mechanical processes used to render the cashew kernel edible and its total production approaches one million tons annually. Thermally treated CNSL, whose main component is cardanol, aphenolderivative mainly having a meta substituent of hydrocarbon chain with one to @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -1 | Issue -6 | Sep -Oct 2017 of natural products is increasing due to concerns over environmental issues, waste disposal and depletion of non-renewable resources. Owing to the growing pressure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by fossil fuels, the need for al feed stocks from renewable resources is immense. Furthermore, these petrochemicals.
Vietnam is the largest exporter of cashew nuts in the world. However, the cashew nut shell burns only great economic potential. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) constitutes of the total nut weight; thus, a large product of the mechanical processes used to render the cashew ion approaches one million tons annually. Thermally treated CNSL, aphenolderivative substituent of a C15 Three double bonds, has various potential utilizations, such as resins, friction lining materials, and surface coatings; however, the CNSL that is produced industrialfield. 3 Cardanol a by product of CNSL has been used to produce phenalkamine low temperatur for the durable epoxy coatings for marine applications . 3 . Frictional materials are made by polymerizing side chain of cardanol, followed by cross polymerization with formaldehyde to yield cardanol formaldehyde resin. Cardanol based polyols have been developed for rigid polyurethane applications. Despite all these uses, only a fraction of the cardanol obtained from cashew nut processing is used in the industrial field. Therefore, there is an overwhelming interest to create new polymer materials with improved performance from cardanol for new applications.

Synthesis of epoxidizedcardanol (ECD)
Epoxidizedcardanol was synthesized by reaction of cardanol with glacial acetic acid anh hydrogen peroxide using p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst, toulen as a solvent. According to a literature procedure adopted for epoxidation of vinyl double bonds. 8 In a four neck a round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer sensor, and reflux condenser, Cardanol, glacial acetic acid, ptoluenesulfonic, and toluene were charged. The mixture was heated to temperature determined and 30% H 2 O 2 was added slowly and allowed. After the reaction was complete, the crude product was filtered and washed with a saturated solution of Na 2 CO 3 and distilled water, and then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Finally, toluene was removed by distillation under vacuum at 80 °C for 2 h to yield the product. 13,14,15 3. Results and Discussion

3.1
The effect of temperature on cardanolepoxidation Cardanol epoxy reactions with reactive temperature from 55 ÷ 70 ° C. After washing and drying, the samples were analyzed for content of epoxy group and iodine index to calculate the efficiency of the reaction. The analysis results are shown in Figure 1. The results in Figure 3.4 show that the performance of the reaction is lowest at 55°C, highest at 65°C. When raising the temperature, the efficiency of the reaction increases. However, when the temperature rises too high, the reaction efficiency decreases sharply. Because high temperatures, the formed epoxy group is easily broken by temperature. A temperature of 65 ° C is the optimum temperature for cardanol epoxide response to the survey conditions. We choose a temperature of 65 ° C to conduct a survey of the next parameters of the reaction.

The Effect of catalyst on epoxidation reaction
Examine the effect of catalyst on cardanolepoxidation reaction: 1, 2, 3, 4% over oil at 65 ° C. The analysis results are shown in Figure 2. The results in Figure 2 show that the performance of the reaction is lowest with catalyst was 4%, the highest with catalyst was 2%. When the catalyst increases the performance of the reaction increases. However, when the catalyst is too high, the reaction efficiency decreases. Because p-toluene suforic is a potent, acidic catalyst, causing the epoxy ring opening reaction. 2% catalyst is the optimal catalyst for cardanolepoxidation with the survey conditions. We chose a 2% catalyst to conduct the next parameter of the reaction

The Effect of ingredients in the mixture on epoxidation reaction
The ratio of substances is DB / AA / H 2 O 2 is 1/0.5/ x with x is 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 at 65°C, catalyzing 2% of cardanol volume. The results of the experiment are shown in Figure 3  The results in Figure 3 show that the performance of the reaction is lowest when the ratio of DB / H 2 O 2 is 1/2 and 1/1 is the highest. When H 2 O 2 increases the performance of the reaction increases. However, when H 2 O 2 increases too high, the reaction efficiency decreases. Because the reaction has reached saturated levels of H 2 O 2 or an increase in the amount of H 2 O 2 that still increases the formation of the epoxy group while increasing both the epoxy ring-opening reaction.
The ratio of DB/AA/ H 2 O 2 to 1/0.5/1 is the optimum ratio for cardanol epoxide response to the survey conditions.

The Effect of stirring speed on epoxidation reaction
Stirring rates are 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100 r/m at  The performance of the reaction is lowest when the stirring speed 1200 r/m, is highest when the stirring speed is 1800 r/m. When stirring speed increases the performance of the reaction increases. However, when the stirring speed is too high, the reaction efficiency decreases. Because the reaction system is heterologous to cardanol, toluene is hydrophobic, acetic acid and H 2 O 2 are hydrophilic, so dispersion of substances in the reaction system is very necessary. The reaction will take place on the surface of the phase separation. Under varying stirring speed, the exposure and phase-difference times result in different reaction results. We chose a stirrer speed of 1800 r/m to conduct a survey of the next parameters of the reaction.

FTIR spectralanalysis
FT-IR technique was employed first to study the structures of cardanol and ECD. The FI-IR spectra of cardanol and ECD are depicted in Figure 5. In the spectrum of cardanol, there are several typical peaks: the phenolic hydroxyl group (3333 and 1348 cm -1 ), C-H stretching of the inner unsaturated moiety (3009 cm −1 ), methyl, methylene and methine groups (2924, 2853 and 1454 cm −1 ), C=C on aromatic ring (1589 cm −1 ), symmetric and asymmetric stretching of C=C (1263 cm −1 , 1153 cm −1 ), vibration of the four hydrogen atoms adjacent to the benzene ring (779 cm −1 , 692 cm −1 ).
In the spectrum of ECD, there are alsosome characteristic peaks: the phenolic hydroxyl group (3373 and 1373 cm -1 ), methyl and methylene (2926 and 2854 cm -1 ), epoxy group (848 -918cm −1 ). And two obvious changes are observed in the spectrum of ECD. First, the peak of C-H in the innerunsaturated moiety at 3009 cm −1 is absent because of the conversion to epoxide. Second, the characteristic features of the epoxy group are found at 848, 918cm −1 . Furthermore, the typical peak of phenolic hydroxyl group still exists. These indicate that cardanol had been converted into ECD.  new peaks at 2.9 -3.2 ppm indicate epoxy groups in ECD. Furthermore, the changed chemical shift of the peaks at 1.3 -1.8 ppm also supports the formation of epoxidized groups.  3.7. Thermal stability of ECD Figure 8 shows the TGA curves of cardanol and ECD heated in nitrogen at the rate of 10°C/min. It can be obserced that 10% weight loss (T 10 ) and 50% weight loss (T 50 ) of cardanol happened at 285 and 409℃ and the temperature is 200 and 393°C for the ECD Fig.8. TGA curves of cardanol and ECD samples The decomposition rate of ECD is faster than that of cardanol. So, the thermal stability of ECD is lower than that of cardanol. These results indicate the ECD is suitable for application at medium temperature.
Experimental results showed that 60°C was the most suitable temperature for cardanol epoxide oxidation with 91%.
However, the effect of the reaction is not high (70%) due to the high temperature, which is more likely to occur when the epoxy ring is opened.