Prussian Blue- An Radioactive De-Corporation Agent

Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0) ABSTRACT During the past few years, Science & Technology has extended to a large extent. They are mainly used in the field of medicine, diagnosis & treatment of the various diseases. Radioisotopes are extensively used in the field of medicine, treatment & diagnosis. But Apart from it, their major use is in the field of diagnosis. When a Human or a Living Being comes in contact with the radiations which are exerted by the radioactive elements or comes in contact with the any of the radioactive elements then it got incorporated in its body cells, tissues or organs. So, as to remove them we extensively used the de-corporation technique, which works on the phenomenon of adsorption. The agents we preferably used in the de-corporation are known as de-corporating agents. There are mainly two categories in which we have divided these decoporating agents; they are External de-corporating agents & Internal de-corporating agents. External decorporating agents are mainly used to remove radioactive elements from the external body surfaces like skin & the mucous membrane & on the other side Internal de-corporating agents remove the radioactive elements from the Internal body parts, they are further classified as GI absorbers, Mobilizing agent, Blocking agent, Diluting & Chelating agents. Prussian Blue is one of the most commonly used Internal de-corporating agent, it mainly performs their action by the absorption of the radioactive elements in the GIT, so they are also known as the GI absorbers. In US market it is marketed as 5oomg hard gelatin capsule which contains PB granules & marketed by the Brand name of Radio-gardase. There are different nuclear disasters which we faced during the last some years like the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, etc. Hence, we concluded that we need Decontaminating agents, so as to remove the radioactivity from the body.


INTRODUCTION
In the past few years, the capitalization of radionuclides in the terrain of Science & Technology has been expanded to a large extent. They are being used in medicines, diagnosis & treatment of the ailment. In inclusion to this, they are extensively used in biomedical research, chemistry, physics, biology & Geosciences. Apart from the medical terrain they also have the application in the nonmedical terrain as well. Radioisotopes  De-corporation of Radioactive Elements De-corporation Agents-Those agents which are used to expel out the radioactive as well as non-radioactive elements from the body through GIT as well as from the systemic circulation. The process of de-corporation used based on some chemical reactions not on the radioactivity of the substance.
1. GI Absorbers-They perform their action by gastric lavage or by emesis. 2. Blocking Agents-They reduce the uptake of radionuclides in the target organ. 3. Diluting Agents-They are stable nuclides which are given to dilute the smaller quantities of radionuclides by competing with them at their uptake sites. 4. Chelating Agents-It forms a complex with the different ions so as to block their uptake in the tissues.

In vitro binding efficiency of Prussian blue to cesium
The binding efficacy if cesium to the Prussian blue depends directly on the pH of the environment i.e. its minimum binding efficiency is at pH 1-2 and maximum binding efficiency is at pH 7. 5 The binding efficiency of cesium to Prussian blue depends directly on the ph of the environment i.e. its minimum binding efficiency is at pH 1-2 and maximum binding efficiency is at pH 7.5 Increasing the exposure time and concentration of Prussian blue also in increases the binding capacity of cesium with maximum binding efficacy of 715mg/g of PB Storage at elevated temperatures will decrease the moisture content of Prussian blue and decreased moisture content decreases its binding efficiency to cesium The decrease in particle size increases the binding efficiency. (IPCS evaluation of antidotes for poisoning by 5 metals and metalloids: Prussian blue Initial Draft-1994).

In vitro binding efficacy of Prussian blue to thallium
The binding efficiency of Prussian blue increases with the increase in pH, it has a minimum binding efficiency at pH 1 and maximum binding efficiency at 7.5 pH. Binding efficiency of Insoluble Prussian blue increases with the increase in exposure time and concentration with the maximum binding capacity of approximately 1400 mg per gram of PB Just like cesium, the loss in the moisture content of Prussian blue on storing at elevated temperatures decreases its thallium binding efficiency and it indicates us that the water molecule in PB is involved in their interaction or more likely thallium may exchange with hydrogen from water molecule in PB crystal lattice. The decrease in particle size increases the surface area which increases the binding of PB to thallium (IPCS evaluation of antidotes for poisoning by 5 metals and metalloids: Prussian blue Initial Draft-1994).

Discussion
Contamination due to the radionuclide is a major issue in the current era & due to this the radio-contamination has occurred, hence we need various de-corporating agents to remove this radionuclide contamination as soon as possible As we have already discussed in the literature review that various incidents occurred of radionuclide contamination & various agents are also preferred to de-corporate this radionuclide contamination. Prussian Blue is one of the agents which was approved by the US-FDA used to decorporate radioactive Cesium & Thallium. (ICH Q2R1, 1996)

Conclusion
There is a well-known USFDA approved drugs i.e., Prussian Blue (insoluble) was approved to be used in the emergency situation by USFDA as a potentially safe medicine during nuclear accidents. The marketed formulation that is Radiogardase of the Prussian Blue marketed in the form of the 500mg capsules at acidic pH. Hence, Prussian Blue Capsule is the marketed formulation which is used for the internal decontamination of the Radioactive Cesium & Thallium.