The Ability of Raman Spectroscopy to Detect Surface Water Pollution in Northern Sudan

How to cite this paper: Sufyan Sharafedin Mohammed | A. M. Awadelgied | Sohad saad El Wakeel | Ahmed Abubaker Mohamed "The Ability of Raman Spectroscopy to Detect Surface Water Pollution in Northern Sudan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 24566470, Volume-3 | Issue-3, April 2019, pp.1805-1811, URL: https://www.ijtsrd. com/papers/ijtsrd2 2906.pdf


INTRODUCTION
Clean water is so basic to human life that water droplets, bubbling brooks, and waterfalls are enduring symbols of the life force. Obtaining an adequate supply of clean water has likely always been a challenge for much of humanity [1]. Despite the scientific and technological advancements of the modern society and, ironically, sometimes because of them, clean water is becoming an increasingly scarce and coveted resource. From these considerations, one has that water security is now a critical environmental issue that touches the life of every human being [2].
The increasing world population with growing industrial demands has led to a situation where protection of the environment has become a major issue and a crucial factor for several industrial processes, which will have to meet the requirements of the sustainable development.
Theoretical Basis of Raman Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy effect was discovered by Indian physicists C.V. Raman in 1928 but only instrumental developments from 1980s brought about big progress of Raman techniques. Although Raman Spectroscopy process is intrinsically weak, Raman spectroscopy has become nowadays a routine method in many fields. [3] Raman scattering is relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, (usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range) by matter. vibrational energy level and finishes at a higher vibrational energy level, whereas anti-Stokes Raman scattering involves a transition from a higher to a lower vibrational energy level. The anti-Stokes transitions are less likely to occur than the Stokes transitions, resulting in the Stokes Raman scattering being more intense. The intensity of Raman scattering is proportional to the square of the change in the molecular polarizability resulting from a normal mode q: [4].
Otherwise stated, a vibrational mode that satisfies the requirement Over the last decade, Raman spectroscopy has gained more and more interest in research as well as in identification and characterization of materials. As a vibrational spectroscopy technique, it is complementary to the also well-established infrared spectroscopy. Through specific spectral patterns, substances can be identified and molecular changes can be observed with high specificity. [5] 2. Materials and Methods I. Materials Five samples of Surface water were collected from water treatment plant from different regions in northern Sudan (Abohamd, Abry, Atbra, Halfa, and Shandy). Each sample was put in the glass substrate of the spectrometer and Raman spectrum was recorded in the region from 300 to 2800 . The Raman shift in wavenumber, and the change in intensities of the scattered light in Raman spectra were compared with data in the previous studies and references. The map below shows the areas which samples were taken from.
The map of areas which samples were taken from  Figure 3 shows the Raman spectrum of a sample which taken from the water treatment plant in the area of Abohamd in the range from 456 to 2630 .Clear peaks were observed and by comparison with the vibrations recorded in previous studies and some references, we found that these vibrations describe the vibrations of water molecules and some components of other materials as listed in Table 1.  The Raman spectrum of a sample which taken from the water treatment plant in the area of Abry in the range from 481 to 2436 as shown in figure 4 beside the vibrations of water molecules some other vibrations were appeared in the spectrum. As shown in Table 2.   Figure 5 illustrates Raman spectrum of the water collected from the water treatment plant in the area of Atbra in the range from 389 to 2403 . Table 3 lists the analysis of this spectrum.  The Raman spectrum of a sample taken from collected from the water treatment plant in the area of Halfa in the range from 389 to 2432 as figure 6 shows. it shows clear peaks and by comparison with the vibrations recorded in some references, we found that these vibrations describe the vibrations of water molecules and some components of other materials as listed in Table 4.   Figure 7 illustrates Raman spectrum of the a sample which collected from the water treatment plant in the area of area of Shandy in the range from 389 to 2411.6 . Table 5 lists the analysis of this spectrum.

Results and discussion
Figure7: Raman spectrum of water sample taken from Shandy in the range from 389 to 2411.6 . cyanide is highly toxic. The cyanide anion is an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It attaches to the iron within this protein. The binding of cyanide to this enzyme prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that depend highly on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. This is an example of histotoxic hypoxia.
Nitrate poisoning can occur through enterohepatic metabolism of nitrate due to nitrite being an intermediate. Nitrites oxidize the iron atoms in hemoglobin from ferrous iron(II) to ferric iron(III), rendering it unable to carry oxygen. This process can lead to generalized lack of oxygen in organ tissue and a dangerous condition called methemoglobinemia. Although nitrite converts to ammonia, if there is more nitrite than can be converted, the animal slowly suffers from a lack of oxygen.
Arsenate can replace inorganic phosphate in the step of glycolysis that produces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This yields 1-arseno-3phosphoglycerate instead, which is unstable and quickly hydrolyzes, forming the next intermediate in the pathway, 3phosphoglycerate. Therefore, glycolysis proceeds, but the ATP molecule that would be generated from 1,3bisphosphoglycerate is lost -arsenate is an uncoupler of glycolysis, explaining its toxicity.

Conclusion
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool that allows to carry out an accurate quantitative analysis of concentrations of species present in the surface water. Accordingly, we recommend the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Sudan to improve the work and efficiency of drinking water treatment plants in Northern Sudan, as well as increase the number of water treatment plants.