Tribologoical Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Hybrid Composite with Tio2, Al2o3 & Mos2 Fillers

Composite materials play a vital role in many industrial applications. Researchers are working on fabrication of new composite materials worldwide to enhance the applicability of these materials. In view of this the mechanical performance of the composite material is essential. The aim of this project is to assist in the main objective of optimizing the quantity of the filler material Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2. Thus the mechanical properties as well as the wear properties of 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% of the filler material as mentioned above has been investigated to obtain an optimum composition for the application in suitable fields. The purpose of this project is to perform an experimental study of the pin on disc wear of neat Vinyl Ester and Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2 filler of 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% filled particulate reinforced composites have been investigated along with the subsequent study of the Wear Properties of the material with the intention to contribute to the final aim of optimizing the composition of the composite material. The investigation is carried out by mixing different weight percentages of the powder with the polyester resin and preparing individual samples. After CSM preparation, the materials were properly mixed using the hand-lay techniques and different specimens were prepared with different compositions of the powder. After all the samples were prepared, Wear Testing is done by pin on disc Wear Testing Machine in ASTM-G99 standard using abrasive paper. The load applied 1KN , 2KN and 3KN in this experiment with sliding distances of 353.25m , 706.5 and 1059.75m respectively.


INTRODUCTION
The development of composite materials and related design and manufacturing technologies is one of the most important advances in the history of materials. Composites are multifunctional materials having unprecedented mechanical and physical properties that can be tailored to meet the requirements of a particular application. Many composites also exhibit great resistance to high temperature corrosion and oxidation and wear. These unique characteristics provide the mechanical engineer with design opportunities not possible with conventional monolithic materials. Composites technology also makes possible the use of an entire class of solid materials, ceramics, in application for which monolithic versions are unsuited because of their great strength scatter and poor resistance to mechanical and thermal shock. Further, many manufacturing processes for composites are well adapted to the fabrication of large, complex structures, which allows consolidation of parts, reducing manufacturing costs.

II.
WEAR TESTING Wear is a process of removal of material from one or both of two solid surfaces in solid state contact. As the wear is a surface removal phenomenon and occurs mostly at outer surfaces, it is more appropriate and economical to make surface modification of existing alloys than using the wear resistant alloys.

III. MATERIAL AND METHODS Materials
Vinyl Ester and Al2O3, TiO2 and MoS2 filler of 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% Loads The load applied 1KN, 2KN and 3KN in this experiment with sliding distances of 353.25m, 706.5 and 1059.75m respectively.

Fabrication process
Hand lay-up or contact moulding is the oldest and simplest way of making fiber glass resin composites. Fibers can be laid onto a mold by hand and the resin is brushed on. Frequently, resin and fibers are applied on to the mold surface. The deposited layers are densified with rollers. Below showing the schematic of this process, accelerator and catalysts are frequently used. Curing may be done at room temperature or at a moderately high temperature in an oven.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE OF WEAR TEST
In this study, Pin-on-Disc testing method was used for tribological characterization. The test procedure is as follows: Initially, pin surface was made flat such that it will support the load over its entire cross-section called first stage. This was achieved by the surfaces of the pin sample ground using emery paper (80 grit size) prior to testing Run-in-wear was performed in the next stage/ second stage.
This stage avoids initial turbulent period associated with friction and wear curves

Wear test calculation Weight Loss
The alloy and composite samples are cleaned thoroughly with acetone. Each sample is then weighed using a digital balance having an accuracy of ± 0.1 mg. After that, the sample is mounted on the pin holder of the tribometer ready for wear test. For all experiments, the sliding speeds are adjusted to 2 m/s. The specific wear rates of the materials were obtained Where W denotes specific wear rates in mm3/N-delta w is the weight loss measured in grams, L is the sliding distance in meter density of the worn material in g/mm3 and F is the applied load in N.
Weight loss of the alloy and composite samples in grams is shown in Table  1. Area:-Cross sectional Area, 2. Volume loss:-Volume loss = Cross sectional Area x Height loss 3. Wear rate:-Wear rate = Volume loss / Sliding distance 4. Wear resistance:-Wear resistance = 1/ Wear rate 5. Specific wear rate:-Specific wear rate = Wear rate/load Specific wear rate =weight loss/sliding distance *load *density Sliding velocity in m/sec

Weight loss in newtons Load in newtons
Density test Archimedes' Principle aids in the determination of density by providing a convenient and accurate method for determining the volume of an irregularly shaped object, like a rock. This method is quite commonly used in the construction industry. It is known also as Hydrostatic Weighing.

IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The below graphs show that comparison of neat vinyl ester with different fillers with their different percentages and specific wear rate. The graph comparison between load vs. specific wear rate, so here loads are 9.81N, 19.62N, 29.43N .As already observe in the tensile and flexural testing if filler content is increased strength will be increased so same as in wear testing also. If filler content increased the wear rate will be decreased. Generally we know loads will increased wear rate will be increased so here also same if load increased the wear rate will be increased. And in case of speed also if speed is increased the specific wear rate will be increased. By observing this graph in case of al2o3 filler material at 7.5% having grater wear rate compared to 10% and 12.5%. and Mos2 filler also same at 7.5% is having greater wear rate compared to 10% and 12.5%. and last one Tio2 is having low specific rate compared to al2o3 and Mos2 fillers. Over all comparison tio2 filler is having low specific wear rate. Overall discussion by increasing the filler content wear rate will be decreasing and if load increased wear rate will be increased. We can observe in the graph wear rate of without filler and with filler of composite material with filler material filler material is having low wear rate compared to without filler material.  It is found that with an increase in sliding distance, the wear rate is increased.  The wear volume loss is increased in V-E composites with increase in sliding distance.  Tio2 filler having a low wear rate compared to Al203, MoS2 fillers. VI.