Literature Survey on ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4 System Implementation

ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power consumption, wireless mesh networking standard. Firstly, the low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Secondly, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Thirdly, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more wide range. ZigBee is a standard which defines a set of communication protocols for low data rate short range wireless networking. ZigBee based on wireless devices operate in 868MHz, 915MHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands for operation. ZigBee is targeted mainly for battery power uses where small data rate, low cost and long battery life are main requirements. In many ZigBee applications, the total time the wireless device is engaged in any type of activity is very limited. The device spends most of its time in power saving mode, also called as sleep mode.


I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless personal area network (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies are growing fast with the new emerging standards being developed. For sometime, Bluetooth was most widely used for short range communications. Now, ZigBee is becoming as an alternative to Bluetooth for devices with low power consumption and for low data rate applications. The Bluetooth standard is a specification for WPAN. power consumption, wireless mesh networking standard. Firstly, the low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications.
usage allows longer life with batteries. Thirdly, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more wide range. ZigBee is a standard which defines a set of communication protocols for low data rate short range wireless networking. ZigBee based on wireless devices operate z, 915MHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands for operation. ZigBee is targeted mainly for battery power uses where small data rate, low cost and long battery life are main requirements. In many ZigBee applications, the total time the wireless device is any type of activity is very limited. The device spends most of its time in power saving mode, ZigBee, Physical Layer, OQPSK, low-cost, Wireless personal area network (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies are growing fast with the new emerging standards being developed. For sometime, Bluetooth was most widely used for short range communications. Now, ZigBee is as an alternative to Bluetooth for devices with low power consumption and for low data rate applications. The Bluetooth standard is a specification power consumption, wireless mesh networking standard. Firstly, the low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Secondly, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Thirdly, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more wide range. ZigBee is a standard which defines a set of communication protocols for low data rate short range wireless networking. ZigBee based on wireless devices operate in 868MHz, 915MHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands for operation. ZigBee is targeted mainly for battery power uses where small data rate, low cost and long battery life are main requirements. In many ZigBee applications, the total time the wireless device is engaged in any type of activity is very limited. The device spends most of its time in power saving mode, also called as sleep mode. Consequently, ZigBee enabled devices are capable of being operational for several years before their batteries needs to be replaced [3].
ZigBee standard is specifically developed to address the need for very low cost implementation of low data rate wireless networks with ultra low power consumption. usage allows longer life with ries. Thirdly, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more wide range. ZigBee is a standard which defines a set of communication protocols for low data rate short range wireless networking. ZigBee based on wireless devices operate MHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands for operation. ZigBee is targeted mainly for battery power uses where small data rate, low cost and long battery life are main requirements. In many ZigBee applications, the total time the wireless device is pe of activity is very limited. The device spends most of its time in power saving mode, also called as sleep mode. Consequently, ZigBee enabled devices are capable of being operational for several years before their batteries needs to be ZigBee standard is specifically developed to address the need for very low cost implementation of low data rate wireless networks with ultra low power consumption. The ZigBee Standard reduced the implementation cost by simplifying the ls and reducing the data rate. The minimum requirements to meet ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 specifications are relatively relaxed compared to other standards such as IEEE 802.11, which reduces the complexity and cost of implementing ZigBee compliant transceivers.
Although products based on the Bluetooth standards are often capable of operating at greater distances, the targeted operating area is the one around the individual i.e., within a 10m diameter. Bluetooth The major applications of ZigBee are focused on sensornetwork and automatic control, such as personal medical assistance, industrial control, home automation, remote control and monitoring [6].
One of the intended application of ZigBee is in-home patient monitoring. A patient's essential body parameters, for example blood pressure and heart rate can be measured by wearable devices. The patient wears a ZigBee device that interfaces with a sensor that gathers health related information such as blood pressure on a periodic basis. Then the data is wirelessly transmitted to a local server, for instance a personal computer inside the patients home, where initial examination is performed. Finally the vital information is sent to the patients nurse or physician via the internet for further analysis.
Another example of a ZigBee application is monitoring the structural health of large scale building and structures. In this application, several ZigBee enabled wireless sensors like accelerometers can be installed in a building and all these sensors can form a single wireless network to gather the information that will be used to evaluate the building structural health and detects the signs of possible damage. After an earthquake, for example, a building could require before it reopens to the public. The data gathered by the sensors could help further and reduce the cost of inspection. Home automation is one of the major application areas for ZigBee wireless networking. The typical data rate in home automation is only 10Kbps. Some of the possible ZigBee applications in a typical residential building are light control systems, security systems, meter reading systems, irrigation systems, multizone Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this hardware modeling we used the AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading as part of non ideal system in the channel. In receiver we used costas loop to recover the carrier. as it is a hardware modeling, we compare Bit Error Rate (BER) between 6 bit and 8 bit. There is a big BER difference between the 6 bit system and the 8 bit system. 8 bit system has a better bit error rate but the chip area that it used is bigger. Contrary for the 6 bit, the chip area used is smaller but the bit error rate is worse than the 8 bit.

II. RELATED WORK
"Superregenerative Reception of Narrowband FSK Modulations", IEEE 2015. In this paper we investigate the possibilities of narrowband FSK detection using a super regenerative (SR) receiver. Previous SR FM demodulation techniques rely on detecting the amplitude variations caused by the different frequencies involved in FSK modulation. However, this requires relatively high frequency deviations because the frequency response of SR receivers is not very selective. In this paper different approaches were taken for, exploiting the distinct phase trajectories of FSK modulations resulting from the transmitted data. The well-known fact that the SR oscillator response preserves the phase information of the received signal is successfully exploited to allow the detection of several FSK modulations.
"Energy optimization in Zigbee using prediction based shortest path routing algorithm, March 2012. In this paper, Zigbee is a wireless standard that allows small amount of data transfer to comparatively tiny range. It needs to confirm 802.15.4, Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) standard. Zigbee module along with shortest path routing algorithm is defined. It helps to minimize number of transmissions. Along with the energy optimization is used. That helps sink node to significantly save its energy.
Experimental setup of wide area monitoring using Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4 technology and RF FM technique, Nov. 2012 In this, it is important for a modern power grid to be smarter in order to provide reliable and sustainable supply of electricity. The system was also tested with RF transmitters and receivers for better understanding of the problem associated with Zigbee and also finding potential ways to solve that problem faced during the lab practical. LABVIEW software has been used to control and monitor the received data. The proposed system for Distributed Generation (DG), a MATLAB based program is proposed.
Reliability of ZigBee networks under broadband electromagnetic noise interference," The goal of this paper is to determine the robustness of the ZigBee wireless networking technology under the influence of interference caused by broadband electromagnetic noise from the operating environment of sensing, monitoring, and control systems. In addition to answering the research question of how will ZigBee survives under broadband electromagnetic noise, this work provides a method to predict the minimum number of ZigBee nodes required for reliable operation within a given space. The 868MHz band is used in Europe for a number of applications, such as short range wireless networking.
The 915MHz and 2.4GHz bands are part of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands. The 915MHz frequency band has been used mainly in North America, where as the 2.4GHz band is used worldwide. Multiple PHYs are defined to support various frequency bands including [1] 1. 868-868. 6     The interfaces between the layers serve to define the logical links that are described in this standard. An LRWPAN device comprises as a minimum one PHY, which consists of the radio frequency (RF) transceiver along with its low-level control mechanism and MAC sub layer that provides access to the physical channel for all types of transfer. Figure 2 shows these blocks in a graphical representation, which are discussed in more detail in next paragraphs.  The upper layers, shown in Figure 3, consists of a network layer, which provides network configuration, manipulation, message routing, and an application layer, that provides the intended function of the device. The description of these upper layers is outside the scope of this standard [1].

Physical layer (PHY):
The PHY provides two services: the PHY data service and the PHY management service. The PHY data service enables the transmission and reception of PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) across the physical radio channel. The description of the PHY are activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver, ED, channel selection, clear channel assessment (CCA), and transmitting as well as receiving packets across the physical medium. The UWB PHY also has the feature of precision ranging [1].

Power consumption considerations:
In many applications that use these standard, devices will be battery powered, and battery substitute or recharging in relatively short intervals is impractical. The power consumption is of significant concern. Battery-powered devices will require duty-cycling to reduce power. These devices will spend most of their operational life in a sleep state; though, each device periodically listens to the RF channel in order to determine whether a message is pending. In addition to the power saving features of the LR-WPAN system, the UWB PHY also provides a hybrid modulation that enables very simple, non coherent receiver architectures to further minimize power consumption and implementation complexity. [2] VI. CONCLUSIONS From the survey, the existing with 2.4 GHz band and with O-QPSK modulation works significantly with low power operations but there is always a need some improvement in the system, so here we have tried to reduce the Bit Error Rate and also the Power Requirements of the system which will be the revolution in the field of 802.15.4. Here to improve BER we can implement different modulation techniques like MSK or PSK, but it should be in accordance with the protocol. The future of our proposed work will be the lowest power consumption PAN (Personal Area Network) for information sharing and network access.