Performance Characteristics of A Variable Compression Ratio Engine using Transesterified Mahua Oil

The performance characteristics of a single four-stroke variable compression ratio engine fueled with esterified Mahua oil were investigated. The suitability of esterified Mahua oil produced from seed of raw Mahua by transesterification process has been studied in variable compression ratio engine. Experiment has been conducted at various loads like 0 kg,2 kg,4kg, 6 kg, 8 kg, 10 kg, and 12 kg with engine speed of 1500 rpm and at compression ratio from 13:1 to 19:1. The impact of compression ratio depend on fuel consumption. The performance characteristics like Brake Thermal Efficiencies(BTH), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC), Specific Energy Consumption(BSEC) and Efficiency(VE) are analyzed for Mahua variable compression ratio engine.


INTRODUCTION
The diesel engines are most widely used in automotives, construction equipment, marines agriculture pumps. The diesel engine has higher thermal efficiency and durability when compared with other internal combustion (IC) engines. In agricultural based countries like India, China, and other south Asian countries, petroleum based diese widely used in the agriculture sector but also in transportation sector, accounting for more than 95% of the fossil fuel use [1]. At present, fossil fuels are playing a biggest role in the energy sector, but the deteriorating fossil fuel reserves, ever increasing the @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -4 | May-Jun 2018 The performance characteristics of a single-cylinder stroke variable compression ratio engine fueled oil were investigated. The oil produced from seed sesterification process has been studied in variable compression ratio engine. Experiment has been conducted at various loads like 0 kg,2 kg,4kg, 6 kg, 8 kg, 10 kg, and 12 kg with engine speed of 1500 rpm and at compression ratio's varies . The impact of compression ratio depend on fuel consumption. The performance fficiencies(BTH), onsumption(BSFC), Brake onsumption(BSEC) and Volumetric Mahua oil in the Mahua oil; Compression ratio; VCR engine; Transesterification The diesel engines are most widely used in automotives, construction equipment, marines and agriculture pumps. The diesel engine has higher thermal efficiency and durability when compared with other internal combustion (IC) engines. In agricultural based countries like India, China, and other south-east Asian countries, petroleum based diesel is not only widely used in the agriculture sector but also in transportation sector, accounting for more than 95% of the fossil fuel use [1]. At present, fossil fuels are playing a biggest role in the energy sector, but the rves, ever increasing the prices of crude oil that causing colossal influence on nations' economies [2,3]. The usage of fossil fuels has also perilous effect on environment and global warming effect [4]. Alternative fuels derived from biological sources such as plant based oils, waste oil and animal fat oil; provide a source for sustainable growth, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental protection. Some of the alternative fuels explored are ethanol, biogas, vegetable oils and animal fat based oils, waste oil etc., [5].
Vegetable oil has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and better quality exhaust emission. Vegetable oils are basically extracted from seeds through a series of processes involving drying, grinding, steaming, air-cooling, and oil extraction by hydraulic press and screening. The seeds contain 40 50% semi-drying oil, which is extractable by using hydraulic press (Clark et al. 1984). Though there are a variety of vegetable oils, their properties, which are of importance, lie within a fairly close range Vegetable oils have cetane numbers of about 35 depending on their composition [6] The authors have analyzed the combustion characteristics of single-cylinder four injection variable compression ratio engine (ratios of 15:1 to 19:1) while using biodiesel blend as a fuel. It has been observed that the cylinder gas pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, and heat release rate increase with higher ethanol concentration due to longer ignition delay. The exhaust gas te was found to be less [7]. The study also examined the  [2,3]. The usage of fossil fuels has also perilous effect on environment and global warming effect [4]. Alternative fuels derived from uch as plant based oils, waste oil and animal fat oil; provide a source for sustainable growth, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental protection. Some of the alternative fuels explored are ethanol, biogas, vegetable oils and ls, waste oil etc., [5].
Vegetable oil has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and better quality exhaust emission. Vegetable oils are basically extracted from seeds through a series of processes involving drying, cooling, and oil extraction by hydraulic press and screening. The seeds contain 40drying oil, which is extractable by using hydraulic press (Clark et al. 1984). Though there are a variety of vegetable oils, their properties, which are of importance, lie within a fairly close range [8] Vegetable oils have cetane numbers of about 35-50 depending on their composition [6].
The authors have analyzed the combustion cylinder four stroke direct ion ratio engine (ratios of 15:1 to 19:1) while using biodiesel blend as a fuel. It has been observed that the cylinder gas pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, and heat release rate increase with higher ethanol concentration due to ay. The exhaust gas temperature . The study also examined the fuel burning characteristics of the diesel-biodieselethanol blends under various compression ratios and loading conditions. The performance and emission tests have been carried out by using the stable fuel blends on a computerized variable compression ratio engine and compared with neat diesel [7]. From the investigation of the engine performance of Castor Methyl Ester (CME) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) catalyst used in four-stroke single-cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine at different loads, it was concluded that the lower blends of biodiesel increased the break thermal efficiency and reduced the fuel consumption.

FUEL PROPERTIES
In this study, Mahua oil, which was extracted from dried Mahua, was collected from local vendor at Hyderabad, Telangana state, India and filtered to remove solid impurities in order to use it to perform the experimental analysis on performance characteristics of direct injection diesel engine.
The chemical properties of diesel fuel and Mahua oil were evaluated and presented in Table 1.

BRAKE SPECIFIC FUELCONSUMPTION
The brake specific fuel consumption measure of the efficiency of the engine to generate unit power by the unit amount of fuel supplied to the engine. Pressure transducer Air intake differential pressure unit FuelFlow differential pressure unit Exhaust gas temparatue after Cal

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The engine performance characteristics in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and Volumetric efficiency(VE) were estimated through a series of experimental tests. The test results and analysis is presented below

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY
The variation of BTE for different compression ratios is given in Fig. 3. It has been observed that the BTE of the biodiesel is slightly higher ratio 17 and lower for low compression ratio. The brake thermal efficiencies increase compression ratios from 12 to 17 and then after decreases from 17 to 19. significant improvement in BTE for biodiesel in variable compression ratio engine Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTE) with respect to load.

ONSUMPTION (BSFC)
nsumption measure of the efficiency of the engine to generate unit power by the unit amount of fuel supplied to the engine. ESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The engine performance characteristics in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy and Volumetric efficiency(VE) were estimated through a series of experimental tests. The test results and analysis is presented below.

FFICIENCY (BTE)
The variation of BTE for different compression ratios as been observed that the BTE of the biodiesel is slightly higher at the compression and lower for low compression ratio. The brake thermal efficiencies increases when the s from 12 to 17 and then after The result indicates a significant improvement in BTE for biodiesel in variable compression ratio engine. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com among all compression ratios. At part loads the increase in specific fuel consumption is higher but as the load increases this value decreases and reached to lower at full load condition

BRAKE SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The brake specific Energy consumption measure of the efficiency of the engine to generate unit power by the unit amount of Heat energy supplied to the engine. Fig.  Consumption (BSEC) for all compression ratios with engine load ratio(CR) 17 has lowest BSEC among all Compression Ratios as shown in fig. BSEC decreased with increase of Compression ratio(CR) upto 17. It is also observed that brake specific energy consumption has decreased with increase of load among all compression ratios. At part loads the increase in specific energy consumption is higher but as the load increases this value decreases and reached to lower at full load condition.

VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY(VE)
The variation in volumetric efficiency is comparably less for all range of compression ratio. The reason f increase in volumetric efficiency for maximum compression ratio is due to increase in volume of incoming air to engine. Therefore, the volume occupied inside the engine cylinder is more and, hence, the volumetric efficiency is more for biodiesel. This is shown in Fig. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -4 | May-Jun 2018 . At part loads the increase in specific fuel consumption is higher but as the load increases this value decreases and reached to lower at full load condition.

BRAKE SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION (BSEC)
Energy consumption measure of the efficiency of the engine to generate unit power by the supplied to the engine. Fig. 5 shows the variations of Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) for all compression ratios with engine load at rated speed of 1500 rpm. Compression ratio(CR) 17 has lowest BSEC among all Compression Ratios as shown in fig. BSEC decreased with increase upto 17. It is also observed that brake specific energy consumption has decreased th increase of load among all compression ratios. At part loads the increase in specific energy consumption is higher but as the load increases this value decreases and reached to lower at full load condition.
Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) with respect to load.
Variation of Brake Specific Energy Consumption(BSEC) with respect to load.

VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY(VE)
The variation in volumetric efficiency is comparably less for all range of compression ratio. The reason f increase in volumetric efficiency for maximum compression ratio is due to increase in volume of incoming air to engine. Therefore, the volume occupied inside the engine cylinder is more and, hence, the volumetric s shown in Fig. 6. . At part loads the increase in specific fuel consumption is higher but as the load Energy consumption measure of the efficiency of the engine to generate unit power by the shows the variations of Brake Specific Energy at rated speed of 1500 rpm. Compression ratio(CR) 17 has lowest BSEC among all Compression Ratios as shown in fig. BSEC decreased with increase upto 17. It is also observed that brake specific energy consumption has decreased th increase of load among all compression ratios. At part loads the increase in specific energy consumption is higher but as the load increases this value decreases and reached to lower at full load condition. umption(BSFC) with respect to load.
Variation of Brake Specific Energy Consumption(BSEC) with respect to load.
The variation in volumetric efficiency is comparably less for all range of compression ratio. The reason for increase in volumetric efficiency for maximum compression ratio is due to increase in volume of incoming air to engine. Therefore, the volume occupied inside the engine cylinder is more and, hence, the volumetric International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com

CONCLUSIONS
The performance of a multi-fuel variable compression ratio engine fueled with esterified Mahua been investigated. The experimental results c that the BTE, BSFC, BSEC, and Volumetric efficiency(VE) of variable compression ratio engine are a function of biodiesel, load, and compression ratio. For the similar operating conditions, engine performance reduced for biodiesel. However, by increasing the compression ratio, the engine performance like BSFC, BSEC and brake thermal efficiencies are comparably better in the VCR engine. The following conclusions are drawn from this investigation. The BTE of the esterified VCR engine is slightly higher at ratio(CR) 17. The BSFC is lower for this condition. This may be due to better combustion, and increase in the energy content of the biodiesel. fuel variable compression Mahua oil have been investigated. The experimental results confirm that the BTE, BSFC, BSEC, and Volumetric of variable compression ratio engine are a function of biodiesel, load, and compression ratio. For the similar operating conditions, engine performance reduced for biodiesel. However, by sing the compression ratio, the engine and brake thermal efficiencies are comparably better in the VCR engine. The following conclusions are drawn from this investigation. The BTE of the esterified Mahua oil in ightly higher at Compression 17. The BSFC is lower for this condition. This may be due to better combustion, and increase in