Performance Improvement Analysis on Solar Water Collectors Connected in Series and Parallel

The solar panel is one of the most sought after methods to produce electrical energy for domestic purposes. Solar PV/T systems converts solar irradiation into thermal and electrical energy. Module is made of Poly c-Si material. This experiment aims at analysing the comparative performance of hybrid solar PV/T water collectors connected in series and parallel. It was conducted in Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirapalli-12. It is located at latitude of 10.7560°N and longitude of 78.6513°E. The maximum temperature of water obtained was 42.8°C and 40.8°C respectively in series and parallel. Overall the parallel connected PV/T system’s performance is 12.12% higher than the series connected PV/T system.


INTRODUCTION
Solar is the best form of renewable energy which is widely used all around the world currently. Solar energy is used for many domestic purposes but it has its own snags. Current dollar technology only converts electricity with a maximum efficiency of about 25%. This is because of occurrence of thermal degradations like non uniform cooling, high operating temperature of the panel, dust accumulation on the panel. The performance made by forced circulation mode gives the output water temperature around 0.5 2.5°C from parallel configuration which is higher than the series [1]. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -4 | May-Jun The solar panel is one of the most sought after methods to produce electrical energy for domestic purposes. Solar PV/T systems converts solar nto thermal and electrical energy. Module Si material. This experiment aims at analysing the comparative performance of hybrid solar PV/T water collectors connected in series and parallel. It was conducted in Saranathan College of 12. It is located at latitude of 10.7560°N and longitude of 78.6513°E. The maximum temperature of water obtained was 42.8°C and 40.8°C respectively in series and parallel. Overall the parallel connected PV/T system's performance is 12% higher than the series connected PV/T

Solar, PV/T, Unglazed, Series, Parallel
Solar is the best form of renewable energy which is widely used all around the world currently. Solar energy is used for many domestic purposes but it has its own snags. Current dollar technology only converts electricity with a maximum efficiency of 25%. This is because of occurrence of thermal degradations like non uniform cooling, high operating temperature of the panel, dust accumulation on the panel. The performance made by forced circulation mode gives the output water temperature around 0.5-°C from parallel configuration which is higher than In order to avoid dust accumulation the pitch angle should be set to zero early morning or late in the evening to drop slide off the dust [2]. The electrical efficiency is increased and cell degradation is reduced with time by proper cooling.
Without active cooling the temperature of module was high and with cooling the temperature dropped significantly [3][4]. Use of nano fluid is also experimented but it is economically costly and there a change of thermal properties of a 3% nano fluid (SiC) on viscosity (1.8%);thermal conductivity (8.2%);density (0.0082%) and thermal conductivity of nano particles was increased up to 4.3% [5]. The module temperature is greatly reduced by using clay. The results have exhibited a maximum increase of 19.4% to the output voltage and 19.1% to the output power [6]. High resistance of PV/T system produce energy less than the energy consumption o In order to avoid dust accumulation the pitch angle should be set to zero early morning or late in the evening to drop slide off the dust [2]. The electrical ell degradation is reduced Without active cooling the temperature of module was high and with cooling the temperature dropped 4]. Use of nano fluid is also experimented but it is economically costly and there is a change of thermal properties of a 3% nano fluid (SiC) on viscosity (1.8%);thermal conductivity (8.2%);density (0.0082%) and thermal conductivity of nano particles was increased up to 4.3% [5]. The module temperature is greatly reduced by using clay. The results have exhibited a maximum increase of 19.4% to the output voltage and 19.1% to the output power [6]. High resistance of PV/T system produce energy less than the energy consumption of International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 pump. An account to overcome the problem, natural circulation is implemented various parameters. It is found that annual integrative efficiency is 60% [7].

II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The setup consists of a storage tank which is connected to the PV module using UPVC pipes. The flow tubes fixed behind the module is made up of copper. The copper tubes are brazed in such a way that there is no leakage. Electrical components such as ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat and connecting wires are used for electrical connections.
The figure 1 depicts the schematic diagram of the PV/T module connected in series. The inlet is given from the storage tank which is capable of storing 100 L. The water enters into the first panel at T temperature. The outlet of the first panel is for the second panel. The outlet temperature of first panel is T f01 (°C). The water passes from the top header of the first panel to the bottom header of the second panel.
The outlet of the second panel is T passed into the storage tank again which contributes a closed system. The outlet of the second panel is T f02 passed into the storage tank again which also contributes a closed system.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 pump. An account to overcome the problem, natural circulation is implemented various parameters. It is found that annual integrative efficiency is 60% [7].
The setup consists of a storage tank which is UPVC pipes. The flow tubes fixed behind the module is made up of copper. The copper tubes are brazed in such a way that there is no leakage. Electrical components such as ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat and connecting wires are  The heat generated can be found by using Q = m*C p *(T in -T f02 ) The electrical efficiency for the system can be determined by η e per panel = * * . * *

(4)
The thermal efficiency for the system can be found by η t per panel = * * * * *(T in -T f02 ) The overall efficiency of the system is obtained using η = η e + η t (6) VI. The above table infers the Electrical and thermal readings taken on 28.02.2018 of the PV/T system connected in series. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com

READINGS AND TABULATIONS
The above table Electrical and thermal readings taken on 27.02.2018 of the PV/T system connected in parallel.

A. Series system
Graph 1 represents the variation of thermal of the module with respect to time. It was seen from the graph that it was maximum at 11am.
Graph 2 represents the variation of electrical efficiency of the module with respect to time. It was seen from the graph that it was maximum at 11am.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Graph 1 represents the variation of thermal efficiency of the module with respect to time. It was seen from the graph that it was maximum at 11am.
Graph 2 represents the variation of electrical efficiency of the module with respect to time. It was seen from the graph that it was maximum at 11am.

Graph 1. Time vs. thermal efficiency Graph 2. Time vs. electrical efficiency
Graph 3 represents the variation of thermal efficiency of the module with respect to time. It was seen from the graph that it was maximum at 11am.
represents the variation of electrical efficiency of the module with respect to time. It was seen from the graph that it was maximum at 11am. The main factors which are responsible for the maximum efficiency are the ambient temperature, mass flow rate and the irradiance. More the temperature difference between inlet and outlet of water, the more heat transfer is obtained. Increase in mass flow rate of the water efficiency. As a result of the experiment, the parallel connected PV/T system can produce power 12.12% higher than the series connected system.

IX. FUTURE WORK
In order to obtain maximum efficiency proper maintenance of module should be ta degradations like excessive heat of the module, dust accumulation, module angle from the ground are to be maintained. Effective insulation for the copper tubes, effective cooling technique and mass flow rate of the which are responsible for the maximum efficiency are the ambient temperature, mass flow rate and the irradiance. More the temperature difference between inlet and outlet of water, the more heat transfer is obtained. Increase in mass flow rate of the water increases the module efficiency. As a result of the experiment, the parallel connected PV/T system can produce power 12.12% higher than the series connected system.
In order to obtain maximum efficiency proper maintenance of module should be taken. Thermal degradations like excessive heat of the module, dust accumulation, module angle from the ground are to be maintained. Effective insulation for the copper tubes, effective cooling technique and mass flow rate of the International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 970 water can increase the module performance thus increases the efficiency.