Effect of Static Load on Cast Iron Drainage Manhole Cover

Drainage manhole covers are widely used in sanitary sewer and storm water systems in world. However, technical information regarding their structural aspects is limited. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of main parameters that impact the design of manhole cover. A three finite element model for circular manhole cover was developed using AutoCAD, solid works and NX. The 3d model was analyzed by ANSYS parameters like different load and different material. Here cast iron is used as material of cover. The load condition was applied for two type of cover one without stiffer and with stiffer.


I. INTRODUCTION
Manholes are used for inspection of the drainage lines and periodic maintenance. These manholes can be a cast in place or precast design. A new design for mainline manholes has recently been considered that should ease installation and reduce installation This design is called a type "T' manhole. Type "T" manholes are fabricated by the concrete pipe manufacturers and are constructed to be part of the pipe. This type of manhole is a pre-cast design that is delivered to the site and set in place. An ad the type "T' manhole is a much more efficient hydraulic design than that of the Colorado Standard Design and construction time is reduced over the standard design. A manhole is a precast steel reinforced concrete manhole. The advantages of a manhole are that they can, be delivered to the site and set in place more easily than the standard box base, @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -4 | May-Jun 2018 erial of cover. The load condition was applied for two type of cover one rainage manhole cover, stiffer, UDL, Manholes are used for inspection of the drainage lines and periodic maintenance. These manholes can be a cast in place or precast design. A new design for mainline manholes has recently been considered that should ease installation and reduce installation costs. This design is called a type "T' manhole. Type "T" manholes are fabricated by the concrete pipe manufacturers and are constructed to be part of the cast design that is delivered to the site and set in place. An advantage to the type "T' manhole is a much more efficient hydraulic design than that of the Colorado Standard Design and construction time is reduced over the standard design. A manhole is a precast steel reinforced concrete manhole. The advantages of a hole are that they can, be delivered to the site and set in place more easily than the standard box base, saving construction time thus using less time for lane closure when this is an important factor and they are more efficient hydraulically than the box manhole being that the manhole is a part of the pipe itself. However, even with the believed ease of construction, improved hydraulic efficiency, and reduced cost the actual structural performance of the finished manhole in place must be evaluated.

A. History
Pre-1940s: The need for cast iron construction castings was met by local foundries. Castings were made from gray iron. Nearly every town had its own foundry, and each foundry had its own designs. Usually the foundries did not complete in loading calculations. Rather, casting design was an educated guess based on trial and error, so adding a safety factor consisted of adding more iron. This is one reason why many old cover designs are so heavy -when in doubt, more material was added. Post 1940s: • H-20 Loading: American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published its bridge design criteria, commonly known as H-20 or HS-20. It consists of truck axle loading of 32,000 lbs, or wheel loading of 16,000 lbs. This design criteria did NOT specifically address loading on construction castings, but due to casting size, usually only one tire can be on a casting at a time. When contractors ask for H-20 or HS are asking only for a casting to meet the design criteria of 16,000 lbs. If they do not ask for a safety factor in construction castings, they may not get the quality they are expecting.

Scientific (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal
Effect of Static Load on Cast Iron Drainage Manhole Cover ndia saving construction time thus using less time for lane closure when this is an important factor and they are more efficient hydraulically than the box base manhole being that the manhole is a part of the pipe itself. However, even with the believed ease of construction, improved hydraulic efficiency, and reduced cost the actual structural performance of the finished manhole in place must be evaluated.
1940s: The need for cast iron construction castings was met by local foundries. Castings were made from gray iron. Nearly every town had its own foundry, and each foundry had its own designs. Usually the foundries did not complete in-depth ulations. Rather, casting design was an educated guess based on trial and error, so adding a safety factor consisted of adding more iron. This is one reason why many old cover designs are so heavy when in doubt, more material was added. Post-0 Loading: American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published its bridge design criteria, commonly known 20. It consists of truck axle loading of 32,000 lbs, or wheel loading of 16,000 lbs. This did NOT specifically address loading on construction castings, but due to casting size, usually only one tire can be on a casting at a time.
20 or HS-20 loading, they are asking only for a casting to meet the design 6,000 lbs. If they do not ask for a safety factor in construction castings, they may not get the Every manhole cover, from the simplest to the most ornate, is first modeled in wood or aluminum. The model is used to make the mold into which the molten cast iron will be poured. The designs that have been created for the surface of the manholes are as varied as the skilled artisans who created them. All manhole covers are round because a round object cannot be dropped into a round hole of the same diameter. This is vital since the weight of the manhole could easily kill a worker standing underneath it. [2] Chang Y, National Chiayi University, Department of Marketing and Logistics/Transportation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan. [2] To reduce the effects and potential risks from the manhole covers, highway authorities not only need to make sure that any newly installed manhole covers are as level as possible but also need to regularly maintain all the manhole covers to ensure that they are in good condition.
[3] Pete DeHaan , District manager, Corporate Accounts with EJ, East Jordan, Mich [3] Pre-1940s: The need for cast iron construction castings was met by local foundries. Castings were made from gray iron. Nearly every town had its own foundry, and each foundry had its own designs. Usually the foundries did not complete in-depth loading calculations. Rather, casting design was an educated guess based on trial and error, so adding a safety factor consisted of adding more iron. This is one reason why many old cover designs are so heavywhen in doubt, more material.
H-20 Loading: American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published its bridge design criteria, commonly known as H-20 or HS-20. It consists of truck axle loading of 32,000 lbs, or wheel loading of 16,000 lbs. This design criterion did NOT specifically address loading on construction castings, but due to casting size, usually only one tire can be on a casting at a time. When contractors ask for H-20 or HS-20 loading, they are asking only for a casting to meet the design criteria of 16,000 lbs. If they do not ask for a safety factor in construction castings, they may not get the quality they are expecting.
[4]Materials Composite products shall be manufactured from fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). It shall consist of a FRP matrix consisting of between 45% to 70% fiber reinforcement by weight. Fiber reinforcement shall consist of fiberglass, carbon, agamid, basalt and/or natural fibers. The polymer matrix shall be thermoses consisting of a polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, polyurethane, and/or hybrid chemical composition. The resin matrix must be thermo set. Manufacture Composite frames and covers shall be of uniform quality, with a dimensional tolerance of 1/16 of an inch. The finished product will feature strength to weight ratio of 750:1. There shall be no possibility of corrosion welding between the cover and the frame, preventing damage to the infrastructure when opening. Gasket system shall be integrated to reduce traffic shock and abatement of noise and malodors. Static Coefficient of Friction

CONCLUSION
During FEA analysis of two various geometry is under taken in case 1 stress analysis with stiffener and in case 2 without stiffener is done. Moreover various materials are also taken to predict results. However as a solution under a defined load is taken. And as a conclusion it is found that manhole cover with stiffener will be more durable and economical for production. Deformation is least in case of stiffener. After all analysis this work is at conclusion which is shown here.