Performance and Optimization of Nox Reduction by Urea Spray Formation in SI Engines

Exhaust contains environmentally harmful pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM).In order to control these exhaust pollutants engine after treatment technologies are being used in diesel engines. A urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the promising after treatment devices for the abatement of exhaust emissions, particularly for NOx pollutants. The basic principal of emission reducing systems is to reduce the NOx pollutants by ammonia formed from urea. This project aims to analyse the NOx emissions from a petrol engine equipped with a Urea catalytic convertor using canister as a catalyst .


INTRODUCTION
Petrol engines are widely used in many areas like Automobiles, locomotives marine engines power generations etc., due to its high power output and thermal efficiency. Even though the diesel engines give more benefits, the human discomfort caused by the pollutant emission of these engines have to be considered. the oxides of Nitrogen are considered as the most harmful pollutants to the human health. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute seriously to air pollution, which is a major environmental problem. Emissions of NOx react with moisture in the air to form nitric acid, contributing to soil and water acidification in sensitive areas. The @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Exhaust contains environmentally harmful pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM).In order to control these exhaust treatment technologies are being used in diesel engines. A urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the promising after treatment devices for the abatement of exhaust emissions, particularly for NOx pollutants. The basic ducing systems is to reduce the NOx pollutants by ammonia formed from urea. This project aims to analyse the NOx emissions from a petrol engine equipped with a Urea catalytic urea spray for nox reduction, nox controlled with urea, exhaust nox Petrol engines are widely used in many areas like Automobiles, locomotives marine engines power generations etc., due to its high power output and efficiency. Even though the diesel engines give more benefits, the human discomfort caused by the pollutant emission of these engines have to be considered. the oxides of Nitrogen are considered as the most harmful pollutants to the human health.
of nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute seriously to air pollution, which is a major environmental problem. Emissions of NOx react with moisture in the air to form nitric acid, contributing to soil and water acidification in sensitive areas. The formation of groundlevel ozone is caused by photochemical reactions involving primarily NOx.

II. RELATED WORKS
Mohammad Zaheruddin and Dinesh Kumar G (2014) estimated the amount of NOx emission from aircraft engines using bio-diesel manufactured from algae. A single cylinder diesel engine was used to carry out the estimations.

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In order to reduce Nox here we equipped silencer was extracted from a Pulsar 150cc Engine. It was opened on both sides using gas cutting procedure. The insides of the silencer were cleaned to remove dust and soot. The silencer was then core coated with canister (Activated Charcoal). The silencer was re-sealed using gas welding procedure. It was fitted on a Single Cylinder, 4 -Stroke, Water cooled Pulsar 150cc engine present at outside. A small hole (6mm) was drilled on the bottom half of the exhaust pipe using drilling procedure. A copper tube was partially introduced into the hole to act as a nozzle for injecting the diesel exhaust fluid (Aqueous Urea). A petrol Testing tank was used to serve as a container for holding the Aqueous Urea solution. The aqueous urea was fed into the exhaust pipe through gravity feed mechanism. An AVL Five-Gas Analyser was used to measure the amount of NOx and Unburnt Hydro-Carbons emitted from the silencer.

CHARCOAL IN EXHAUST
Carbon dioxide is the one of the gases in atmosphere bearing percentage of 0.04, it plays an important role in maintaining optimal condition of earth by enriching photosynthesis in plants and other benefits, but it has also become a major issue in the recent decade due to its increase in percentage leading to increasing the global temperature, which causes melting down of glaziers and increasing water levels, heavy changes in temperature.

UREA
Commercial deployment of urea-SCR systems depended on the development of not only the catalyst, but also the urea dosing and injection system. The increase in NOx conversion efficiency of SCR systems that has been seen since the launch of SCR diesel engines around 2005 is largely owed to advances in SCR control and urea injection. The main functions of the urea dosing and injection Dosing of the precise amount of urea necessary for the SCR reactions with NOx, and d ammonia thoroughly with the REACTION CHAMBER WITH WIRE MESH CHARCOAL Carbon dioxide is a major cause of natural calamities and changes in climatic conditions. Of all the sources of emission, the amount of carbon dioxide from automobiles is approximately 65%, which is more than any other sources of emissions. Raise in carbon dioxide content in atmosphere is causing global warming which is evolved from greenhouse gases. To reduce the emission and dioxide percentage in atmosphere form automobiles, theoretical and practical methods of carbon dioxide using activated charcoal diesel operated engines is conducted. Charcoal is one of the best adsorption material due to its high pours valve and capture capacity, when reacted with other reagents in order of activation, it increases its adsorption capacity than that of regular charcoal An Experimental Investigation was conducted to examine the performance and exhaust emission of diesel Engine by using Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) concept fuelled with diesel and exhaust SCR catalyst coated with chromium in order to reduce the emission from engines. A test was conducted in twin cylinder direct injection diesel engine with different loading condition. Urea with distilled water solution was sprayed at the Exhaust manifold before it enters rations and the emission parameters HC,NOX and smoke capacity were investigated. The result showed that the Ammonia derived from urea showed comparable performance in the Selective Catalytic Reduction system (SCR). Results indicated that a maximum of % of NOX reduction was achieved with variant flow rate of (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) kg/hr with a urea concentration with different normality is injected in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System.

REACTION CHAMBER WITH WIRE MESH
Carbon dioxide is a major cause of natural calamities and changes in climatic conditions. Of all the sources of emission, the amount of carbon dioxide from iles is approximately 65%, which is more than any other sources of emissions. Raise in carbon dioxide content in atmosphere is causing global warming which is evolved from greenhouse gases. To reduce the emission and control of carbon atmosphere form automobiles, theoretical and practical methods of absorption of activated charcoal (carbon) in diesel operated engines is conducted. Charcoal is one of the best adsorption material due to its high pours re capacity, when reacted with other reagents in order of activation, it increases its adsorption capacity than that of regular charcoal flow rate of (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) kg/hr with a urea concentration with different normality is injected in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System.