Operating System a Case Study

An Operating System or OS is the most important software and program that can run Computer, Mobile phone, Hand Held Device, etc. It helps to connect and interface computer hardware to program and application software and other common essential services. The OS is initially loaded on at boot time. Like a host, the OS acts for running and handling of application programs and operation of the hardware on the machine. The working principle of OS is first to configure then check ability to perform and then allow the program to run. Its main purpose is to handle the activities based on computer hardware. The OS also provides management of input, output and storage devices. Mostly in a system, some different computer programs run at the same time and they need to access CPU, memory, and storage. In an operating system, the user can communicate with the Command Line Interface by typing some command, and the user receives the response back from the system. But Modern Time Operating system uses a graphical user interface or GUI for easy to use. Now user can communicate with a system using a mouse to click button, menus, and everything is displayed on the screen using Text, Graphics or image. It is like a bank manager--it makes sure that the working of application software must not be interfered by any other activity.

An Operating System or OS is the most important all types of Computer, Mobile phone, Hand Held Device, etc. It helps to connect and interface computer hardware to program and application software and other common essential services. The OS is initially loaded on at or running and handling of application programs and operation of the hardware on the machine. The working principle of OS is first to configure then check ability to perform and then allow the program to run. Its main purpose is sed on computer hardware. The OS also provides management of input, output and storage devices. Mostly in a system, some different computer programs run at the same time and they need to access CPU, memory, and storage. In an communicate with the Command Line Interface by typing some command, and the user receives the response back from the system. But Modern Time Operating system uses a graphical user interface or GUI for easy to use. Now ing a mouse to click button, menus, and everything is displayed on the screen using Text, Graphics or image. It is like a it makes sure that the working of application software must not be interfered by any tion, Type of operating system, , function of , Example of some operating system A Computer Machine or System has the different types of device and software which are used to do a complete operation or task. In Computer Operating System [1] , the commonly used and important resource is Computer Memory(RAM, ROM), Storage Device(HDD, FDD, SDD), CPU(Central Processing Unit), Processors and Other Input / Output Device. The computer Operating System manage and operate the whole computer system and above resource element and allocate them to perform a specific task or operation or program. In short terms, we can say that the operating system is an interface that connects the user to the system and other application software to hardware. Without an operating system, the general purpose computer is useless [2] .
The operating system is designed to communicate with the user, computer system, and application software.

Apr 2018
Page: 166 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -3 Scientific (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal Anjli Gupta . in Computer Science, Kazi Nazrul University, T.D.B College , Raniganj, West Bengal operation or task. In Computer Operating , the commonly used and important resource is Computer Memory(RAM, ROM), Storage Device(HDD, FDD, SDD), CPU(Central Processing Unit), Processors and Other Input / Output Device. [6] ystem manage and operate the whole computer system and above resource element and allocate them to perform a specific task or operation or program. In short terms, we can say that the operating system is an interface that connects d other application software to hardware. Without an operating system, the general .
The operating system is designed to communicate with the user, computer system, and application International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com For the easy operation of the operating system, we can see two types of view of every operating system.
That is---1. User View [2] -From the user viewpoint, the operating system was designed to maximize the performance of work and provide the minimal eff of the user for any operation. Such system is designed to monetize the individual user resource. In this case, the operating system is designed for most uses, some attention is given to performance, and no payment is made for the use of the resource.
2. System View [2] -From the system viewpoint, the operating system is a hardware-based program. Operating System assigns the allocated memory for the different process of every resource. It shares the control resources among the programs. And also control the incorrect usage, error and deadlock condition. This is a program that always runs on the system in the form of the kernel. It controls the application program that is not part of the kernel.

II. Types of Operating System
The operating system array is being developed from the first computer generation and with the tip period 1) Simple Batch Operating System: In this types of system there is no direct connection between computer and computer user. [3] user push a operating data with punch type card or magnetic tape, after submitting to the operation system, operator batch together with their requirement then the system manage each program in batch and execute the operation.
2) Multiprogramming Batch System: of operating system, system picks the jobs from his memory, when the job need an input and output operation the OS switch another job to another job. If the many job run on same time the OS work on a method called Scheduling.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume -2 | Issue -3 | Mar-Apr 2018 For the easy operation of the operating system, we can see two types of view of every operating system.
From the user viewpoint, the operating system was designed to maximize the performance of work and provide the minimal effort of the user for any operation. Such system is designed to monetize the individual user resource. In this case, the operating system is designed for most uses, some attention is given to performance, and no payment is From the system viewpoint, the based program. Operating System assigns the allocated memory for the different process of every resource. It shares the control resources among the programs. And also the incorrect usage, error and deadlock condition. This is a program that always runs on the system in the form of the kernel. It controls the application program that is not part of the kernel.
being developed from the first computer generation and with the tip period [3] In this types of is no direct connection between user push a operating agnetic tape, after to the operation system, operator batch together with their requirement then the system manage each program in batch and execute the 2) Multiprogramming Batch System: In this types of operating system, system picks the jobs from his memory, when the job need an input and output operation the OS switch another job to another job. If the many job run on same time the OS work on a 3) Single User, Single Task Operating System this type of system, computer works on single task on a single user at a time. The Palm OS is the good example for this type of computer. 4) Single User, Multi Task Operating System: system allows to work with one process at same time.

5) Multi User
Operating System: OS, system permit multiple user to access the same data or information at the same time via network or other connection method. [4] the user can interact with each other. Some example these is Windows 7, Linux and Unix. 6) Multiprocessor System: consists many several processor to complete a process. In this types of system OS provide higher power and speed. The all process or operation in a Multiprocessor System operate the under single OS. The best feature of this type of operating system is the performance was enhanced, increase the system throughput, Speedup the execute of a single process. Page: 167 r, Single Task Operating System: In this type of system, computer works on single task on a single user at a time. The Palm OS is the good example for this type of computer.

4) Single User, Multi Task
Operating System: This system allows to work with one or more than one 5) Multi User Operating System: In these type of OS, system permit multiple user to access the same data or information at the same time via network or the user can interact with each other. Some example these is Windows 7, Linux Multiprocessor system consists many several processor to complete a types of system OS provide higher power and speed. The all process or operation in a Multiprocessor System operate the under single OS. The best feature of this type of operating system is the performance was enhanced, increase the system dup the execute of a single process.
This type of OS specially build for Desktop or Personal Computer/ Mainframe Computer. the goals of these operating system maximize user experience, convenience and responsiveness. Windows  Operating System use to multiple processor to serving multiple application and user. The processor connect or communicate with each other through different communication method such as bus, wired connection, telephone lines etc. The processor of distributed system are referred as sites, node, port etc.

9) Network Operating System: The network
Operating System runs on server and provides the user to manage data, security, application and other network related function. The website was hosted in Network Operating System. The main uses of this type of operating system is shared file, printer and other device among multiple computer on this network with connected via LAN, PAN, WAN or other network connected method.

10) Time Sharing
Operating System: In this types of operating system works on more than one process or task one by one at a time. the processor divide the time was distributed among the all executed process or task. The processor switch rapidly between the process.
11) Real-time Operating Systems: A real-time system is defined as a data processing system, the time difference for input processing and feedback is so small that it controls the environment. The system displays the time-consuming information and is marked as response time. So in this way, the reaction time compared to online processing is very low. In an Operating System, File was normally stored or organized in the directory or a folder for easy navigation and uses and find the reach of file.

12) Hand-held
In a Directory contain File or another directory. b) The Communication process, one computer or one Computer to another computer by a computer network c) Communication process was accomplished by two methods, by shared memory or Message Passing.

5) Error Detection:
In an operating System Error occurs anytime and anywhere-1) Simple Batch Operating System : In this types of system there have no direct connection between computer and computer user. [3] user push a operating with punch type card or magnetic tape, after submit the operation system operator batch together with their requirement then the system manage each program in batch and execute the operation.
2) Multiprogramming Batch System : In this types of operating system, system picks the jobs from his memory, when the job need an input and output operation the OS switch another job to another job. If the many job run on same time the OS work on a method called Scheduling.
3) Single User, Single Tusk Operating System : This type computer works on single task on a single user at a time. The Palm OS is the good example for this type of computer.

4) Single User, Multi Task
Operating System : This system allows to work with one or more than one process at same time.

5) Multi User
Operating System : In these type of OS, system permit multiple user to access the same data or information at the same time via network or other connection method. [4] the user can interact with each other. Some example these is Windows 7, Linux and Unix.
6) Multiprocessor System : Multiprocessor system consists many several processor to complete a process. In this types of system OS provide higher power and speed. The all process or operation in a Multiprocessor System operate the under single OS. The best feature of this type of operating system is the performance was enhanced, increase the system throughput, Speedup the execute of a single process. 10) Time Sharing Operating System : In this types of operating system system works on more than one process or task one by one at a time. the processor divide the time was distributed among the all executed process or task. The processor switch rapidly between the process. 11) Real-time Operating System : A real-time system is defined as a data processing system, the time difference for input processing and feedback is so small that it controls the environment. The system displays the time-consuming information and is marked as response time. So in this way, the reaction time compared to online processing is very low. b) The OS handled and take an appropriate action to detect and resolve all the errors. b) All CPU Schedulers algorithms used for better CPU Performance and Utilization.

7)
Protection: Consider a computer System has multiple users with multiple processors, for that reason, the various processes should be protected from each other user, process, and Activities.
Protection is method or mechanism or way to driving the access of every process, program, users or resource that makes a computer system.
Some main Activities of an operating systema) The OS protect Input Output Device from External invalid Access.
b) The OS authenticate the user by password or different authentication method.
Storing any Data or Information in two methods -1) Contiguous Storage Allocation: This is the simplest Storage allocation technique. In this type of allocation technique the data or any program was allocate contiguously. Operating System was allocates the estimate amount of memory required by complete the process before allocation. In real life the primary memory was not sufficient for any operation to store the whole program. In this reason OS take help of Virtual Storage technique.
There are two approaches to Virtual Allocation Storage---1) Program Paging -A program is broken in fixed size of page and stored in secondary memory. The page is given by the OS as logical or virtual address from 0 to n. A method called Page table is used to lead the maps from logical to physical address which is used to retrieve the page when required.
2) Program Segment -A program is divided into small logical segment, assigned logical address from 0 to n and stored in secondary memory. A method call segment table is used to lead segment from secondary memory to primary memory.
Operating System are used both of Virtual St allocation to store on computer in form of files to optimize the memory uses. A large program part by different segment into page or more the one segment may be stored in a single page.

4) File Management:
File is mainstream of a computer. Data or information stored in computer in a file. The user keeps their data safely and correctly in a file that's important for and OS. The management of file system and work with file is known as or called as File Management. [17] The File management required some t operation to work with file.
1) Create -Create a New file for storing data or Information.
2) Update -Update some information of old created file.
3) Read -Open and read the data of a created file. Contiguous Storage Allocation: The name indicates the program and related data should not be saved in the adjacent location; the program is distributed in a different location. When a process requires an access to the component, the OS provides  access to this assignment table when a table puts a In real life the primary memory was not sufficient for whole program. In this reason OS take help of Virtual Storage technique.

Virtual Allocation
A program is broken in fixed size of page and stored in secondary memory. The logical or virtual address from 0 to n. A method called Page table is used to lead the maps from logical to physical address which is used to retrieve the page when required.
A program is divided into small logical segment, assigned logical address from 0 to n and stored in secondary memory. A method call segment table is used to lead segment from secondary Operating System are used both of Virtual Storage allocation to store on computer in form of files to optimize the memory uses. A large program part by different segment into page or more the one segment File is mainstream of a formation stored in computer in a file. The user keeps their data safely and correctly in a file that's important for and OS. The management of file system and work with file is known as or called as The File management required some tools or Create a New file for storing data or Update some information of old created Open and read the data of a created file.
Recover the Deleted or corrupted File. 6) Sharing -Sharing the created file to Different System. 7) Secure -Secure the data of file with the use of Password and Encryption.

5) Memory Management: optimization, memory control and overall
Performance is known as Memory Management. In modern computer the memory management plays an important role in operating System The computer systems have two types of memory 1) Primary Memory -Primary Memory is a fast or direct memory. It's also expensive memory. Primary Memory is used to run the executed programs and service and stored in a specific memory location temporary. It's also be known as Main Memory. RAM, ROM, and Cache Memory were Memory.
2) Secondary Memory -Secondary memory is less expensive but slower memory as Primary Memory. The user store data and information stored in secondary memory. Common secondary memory was Hard Disk Drive, Solid State Drive, Optical Disk, Pen Drive etc.
To maintain a balance between the OS to ensure that the performance of the system is not damaged due to very early primary memory or system expenditure. Performance is known as Memory Management. In modern computer the memory management plays an important role in operating System [13] .
The computer systems have two types of memory -Primary Memory is a fast or direct memory. It's also expensive memory. Primary Memory is used to run the executed programs and service and stored in a specific memory location temporary. It's also be known as Main Memory. RAM, ROM, and Cache Memory were Primary Secondary memory is less expensive but slower memory as Primary Memory. The user store data and information stored in secondary memory. Common secondary memory was Hard Disk Drive, Solid State Drive, Optical Disk, Pen To maintain a balance between the OS to ensure that the performance of the system is not damaged due to very early primary memory or system expenditure.
Need to maintain intermediate access and recovery functionality for high system performance input and output data, user instructions and performance information. Once program requests are accepted, as International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com per the requirement, it allocates primary and secondary storage areas. Once the infection is completed, the allocated memory space is free. Using a storage management strategy to keep all storage space allocated or free the allocation.
6) Device Management: The operating system interacts with the peripheral device with specific device driver software for peripheral control. In a Computer the device management system is a very small embedded system and device management routines may be included in Operating System. When many process in operating system access th device or request for access to the device, the operating system manage all device in a specific way that partially shares that device and operate the among all process. Process Access device operate by a method call System Call Interface ad its interfac provide by the OS.

VI. Examples of Some Operating System:
The some common operating was found for personal computer. The three most used and most common Operating System was build for Personal User and Personal Computer. Windows also provide network server for hosting, many website and web server was run with windows. Approx 90% [23] Computer run in windows. per the requirement, it allocates primary and storage areas. Once the infection is completed, the allocated memory space is free. Using a storage management strategy to keep all storage

Some Famous Windows Operating
The operating system vice with specific device driver software for peripheral control. In a Computer the device management system is a very small embedded system and device management routines may be included in Operating System. When many process in operating system access the device or request for access to the device, the operating system manage all device in a specific way that partially shares that device and operate the among all process. Process Access device operate by a method call System Call Interface ad its interface VI. Examples of Some Operating System: he some common operating was found for personal computer. The three most used and most common Operating System was build for Personal User and The most useable personal Computer and Home Computer Operating System [21] . It was made and Market placed by Windows. The Operating System was fully closed source. It's a GUI Windows also provide network server for hosting, run with windows. Computer run in windows. Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System) is a Graphical Operating System [15]it was developed Some Famous Mac OS versions are [8] . 3) Linux: Its Provide By Linux Distribution. Linux is a Open Source Operating System, [9] Operating System means anyone can be modified, change anything [10] , Distributed by any one in whole world and can use it free.  [25] Operating System use GUI (Graphical User Interface) [24] .

Some Famous Windows Operating System
The Some Operating System that found On Mobile or Handheld Device [27] . 2) iOS: iOS is also known as iPhone OS. The iOS mobile operating system was created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for his own device Hardware. The operating System also runs on iPad, Apple Watch and Also some Apple Device.
3) BlackBerry OS: BlackBerry OS is a mobile Operating System developed by BlackBerry Limited for its own BlackBerry Linear Smart BlackBerry Hand-held Device 4) Symbian: Symbian was a mobile operating System that's specially designed for Smart known as Nokia Symbian OS. Itis a close source Operating System.

5) WebOS
: webOS is also built in Linux karnel;it's a Multitasking Operating System. The webOS was developed by Palm Inc and next it's acquired Now it is an Open Source Operating System. The Operating system was run on Smart phone and smart TV [19] . iOS is also known as iPhone OS. The iOS mobile operating system was created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for his own device Hardware. The operating System also runs on iPad, me Apple Device. [20] BlackBerry OS is a mobile Operating System developed by BlackBerry Limited for its own BlackBerry Linear Smart-phone or Other held Device [18] .

6) Windows
Symbian was a mobile operating System pecially designed for Smart-phone and it's also known as Nokia Symbian OS. Itis a close source webOS is also built in Linux karnel;it's a Multitasking Operating System. The webOS was developed by Palm Inc and next it's acquired by HP. Now it is an Open Source Operating System.

VII. CONCLUSION
In the same way, the computer OS controls your desktop, a mobile operating system is a software program that control your mobile phones, tablets, ipads. Some well known operating systems are Android, Windows, Black berry, and iOS. These all runs on mobiles or tablets. The mobile OS is responsible for determining the functions and features available on your device such as keyboards, thumb wheel, synchronize with applications such as email, text messaging and more. It will also determine that which extra mobile apps can be used on your device. So, we can easily conclude that operating system plays an important role in our everyday lives. We can also say that a computer without an operating system is just like a human body without heart. Therefore, operating system is an essential part of our living system.