Aquatic plants play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of freshwater ecosystems and are widely used in the removal of toxic metals from polluted water bodies. The present study was conducted to assess the level of heavy metal contamination and the phytoremediation potential of selected aquatic plants in the Gomti River flowing through Lucknow city (U.P.), India. Rapid urbanization, industrial discharge, domestic sewage, and agricultural runoff have significantly contributed to the deterioration of water quality in the river, leading to the accumulation of toxic metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), and Arsenic (As). In this investigation, aquatic plant species including Hydrilla verticillata, Sagittaria japonica, Botomus umbellatus, and Ranunculus sceleratus were collected from different sampling sites along the Gomti River. Samples were analyzed to determine the concentration of heavy metals accumulated in plant tissues. The results revealed that the selected aquatic plants showed different capacities for metal accumulation. Hydrilla verticillata exhibited higher accumulation of Arsenic, Sagittaria japonica showed greater uptake of Cadmium, while Botomus umbellatus accumulated higher concentration of Copper. In contrast, Ranunculus sceleratus showed comparatively lower accumulation of heavy metals. The findings indicate that aquatic macrophytes have significant potential for the removal of toxic metals from polluted water and can be effectively used in phytoremediation techniques. The study highlights the importance of using natural and eco-friendly methods for controlling heavy metal pollution in river water. The results of this research may be useful for environmental monitoring, pollution management, and sustainable restoration of freshwater ecosystems.
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