Since April 2023, Sudan has experienced a violent power struggle between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), resulting in one of the most severe humanitarian crises in the world. This study examines the structural roots and contemporary consequences of the conflict, arguing that the catastrophe is not merely a product of military confrontation but a manifestation of long-standing state fragility, politicized security institutions, and fragmented governance. Drawing on theories of fragile states and the political economy of civil war, the research analyses how institutional breakdown, armed competition, and resource control have contributed to widespread famine-like conditions, mass displacement, and the erosion of civilian protection mechanisms. Using qualitative analysis of secondary data from international organizations, academic literature, and policy reports (2023–2025), the study explores the relationship between conflict intensity, territorial fragmentation, and humanitarian outcomes. The findings reveal that areas under contested authority experience higher levels of food insecurity, administrative collapse, and restricted humanitarian access. The emergence of parallel governance structures and external involvement by regional actors has further deepened instability and reduced prospects for negotiated settlement. Although international humanitarian assistance has mitigated some immediate suffering, structural political reform and inclusive governance are necessary for sustainable recovery. The study contributes to scholarly debates on state fragility and protracted conflict by demonstrating how militarized competition for sovereignty produces layered institutional and humanitarian collapse. It concludes that long-term stabilization in Sudan requires integrated strategies combining ceasefire efforts, security sector reform, accountable resource governance, and community-based peacebuilding initiatives.
Sudan; state fragility; civil war; humanitarian crisis; conflict-induced famine; forced displacement; fragmented sovereignty; political economy of war; security sector reform; peacebuilding.
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