Sanganer town, district Jaipur (Rajasthan, India), is famous worldwide for its dyeing and printing industries. There are about 400 industries involved in textile printing processes, which discharge effluents into nearby ponds and drains, without any treatment. These effluents contain highly toxic dyes, bleaching agents, salts, acids, and alkalis. Heavy metals like cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, and iron are also found in the dye effluents. Textile workers are exposed to such waters with no control over the length and frequency of exposure. Further, as the untreated effluents are discharged into the environment they can cause severe contamination of surface and underground water. Dyeing and textile printing industries of Sanganer houses about 400 small scales and one large scale industry [1]. These industries use a variety of chemicals and azo dyes (direct, reactive, rapid, mordant and premetalised etc.) during processing and finishing of raw materials. The workers in those industries are exposed to such dyes with no control over the length and frequency of exposure. Further, a huge volume of mostly untreated textile dye wastewater (10,000 - 15,000 Kl/day) is released into surface waters of Amani Shah drainage or through the drainage systems, seeps into the groundwater and adjoining water bodies flowing through Sanaganer. The untreated waste water is discharged directly into the drains that connect the industry to the main drainage network through the nullas in the town. The effluents disposed in open drains are directly used for crops cultivation which affects the nearby agricultural land also. The study deals with the collection of effluent from one of the large scale printing and dyeing industry in Sanganer town and physicochemical characterization of these samples in order to find out the physio-chemical load put in by the effluent on the wastewater stream. Environmental pollution caused by such textile effluents results in adverse effects on flora, fauna, and the general health of not only the textile workers, but also the residents of Sanganer town. Therefore, to assess the possible genotoxic health risk and environmental genotoxicity due to the textile industry effluents, this study was carried out using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. The results clearly indicate that the effluents and the surface water of Amani Shah drainage have high mutagenic activity. Further, the drainage water and the dry bed of the drainage (during summer months) are not fit for agricultural or other recreational purposes. Wastewater and groundwater samples of Sanganer were studied to find out the pollution load of wastewater generated from dyeing and printing units and its impact on the quality of domestic wastewater of the Amanishah Nallah and groundwater. The wastewater of these units was found to have high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfate. It has remarkable concentrations of copper, chromium, and iron with low chemical oxygen demand and nearly 7-fold biochemical oxygen demand. The wastewater of these units, discharged on land without any treatment, comes into the Amanishah Nallah through small watercourses. The quality of the domestic wastewater of Nallah deteriorates with the mixing of wastewater from these units. Maximum concentrations of physicochemical parameters were found at the Sanganer Road bridge sampling point. Eleven groundwater samples, collected from various locations of Sanganer, were found polluted due to percolation of wastewater into the ground. Copper and chromium were recorded from some groundwater sources while iron was recorded from almost all sources. Sodium and chloride are the major cation and anion in the groundwater, which is identical to the wastewater of dyeing and printing units.[2]
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