The conflict is deeply rooted in the 1979 Islamic Revolution, driven by five interlocking factors such as: the US-Iran nuclear standoff, Israel’s security doctrine against Iranian nuclearization, US “maximum pressure“ sanctions, Iran’s regional proxy network, and competition over Gulf energy transit through the Strait of Hormuz. After the 2018 US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and years of sanctions, tensions intensified with a 12-day Iran-Israel war in June 2025 and failed nuclear talks in February 2026. On February 28, 2026, the United States and Israel launched Operation Epic Fury, marking the first joint strikes on Iranian nuclear and missile infrastructure. Iran responded by closing the Strait of Hormuz, attacking US bases in Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar, and receiving targeting support from Russia and China. By July 2026, nine consecutive nights of US strikes had occurred, with 17 US service members killed and an estimated $113.3 billion in US war costs. The conflict demonstrates how unresolved remote causes from 1953-1979, combined with post-2002 nuclear diplomacy failures, transformed a shadow war into interstate war. This paper looks at the pros and cons of the conflict with a feasible possible solution to the impasse.
US-Iran-Israel relations, nuclear program, Strait of Hormuz, maximum pressure, Middle East security, terrorism, nuclearization, maximum pressure, proxy expansion, Operation Epic Fury.
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