The Oraon, Munda, Kharia, Santhal, and Ho, among others, reside in Jharkhand. Each tribe has its own unique customs and diverse systems of knowledge. Schooling in the tribes was predominantly oral, done through stories, songs, and folklore. It encompasses useful skills such as agriculture, hunting, medicine, community leadership, spiritual practices, and a compassion for nature. Tribal elders were the primary educators as they shared knowledge accumulated from life experiences through storytelling. Through these indigenous systems of knowledge, mathematics was part of life and culture in holistic ways. Activities like farming, construction, trade, and craftwork already had an element of estimating, measuring, and counting. For instance, tribal societies used sticks, marbles, and other local materials for counting and basic arithmetic-methods that were contextually relevant and easy for children to understand. Such mathematical practices were rooted in the community, focusing on true and relevant issues that would benefit the people. The tribal people of Jharkhand have taught and understood mathematics with culture in mind, which makes it relevant to their lives. For example, recent educational projects have aimed to convert mathematics textbooks into tribal languages such as Ho, Santhali, Mundari, Kudukh, and Kharia, using local contexts to enhance teaching efficacy for primary school learners. By employing traditional teaching tools and methods, tribal people protect lost forms of mathematical knowledge and ensure they are taught and learned. Knowledge in tribal societies is often acquired and taught communally, such that it is disseminated and enjoyed in groups, which strengthens social relations and cooperative solutions. The Objective of the study is to identify the role of the tribes of Jharkhand in understanding of mathematics. Data sources include the review of related literature. The study explores the ways in which traditional mathematics-based on oral tradition, interactive engagement with nature, and group learning-traditionally have determined mathematical ideas such as number, measurement, and spatial thinking. Through a reading of modern schooling programs, such as mother-tongue math textbooks using indigenous illustrations (sticks, marbles, and seeds) and biliterate curricula.
Indigenous mathematics, Art integrated pedagogy, tribal education, Jharkhand, culturally relevant pedagogy, mother-tongue instruction.
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