The transmission line is one of the most critical components of an electrical power system, as it is responsible for transferring electrical energy from generating stations to distribution networks and end users. With the rapid growth in electricity demand and the continuous expansion of modern power infrastructure, the reliability and efficiency of transmission systems have become increasingly important. Transmission lines carry a significant portion of the generated power over long distances, making their stable operation essential for maintaining uninterrupted power supply. In recent years, the gap between limited power generation resources and the continuously increasing energy demand has intensified the need to minimize power losses in transmission systems. These losses include transmission losses, technical losses, and other physical losses that directly affect system efficiency and operational performance. Additionally, reactive power imbalance and voltage deviations are major concerns in long-distance transmission networks, as they can reduce power quality and system stability. Fault analysis has therefore become a major area of focus in power system engineering. Rapid and accurate fault detection is essential to isolate faulty sections within a short period of time and restore the power system with minimal interruption. However, detecting and identifying faults in transmission lines remains a challenging task due to the complex nature of interconnected power networks and varying operating conditions. Since transmission lines form the backbone of the entire power system, they are highly vulnerable to different types of electrical and environmental disturbances. This paper presents a comprehensive review of transmission line fault detection techniques and highlights their importance in improving system reliability, operational stability, and fault management efficiency.
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