During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain physical and chemical properties, among others, mechanical strength, low permeability to ingress of moisture, and chemical and volume stability. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength (about 10% of the compressive strength). As a result, concrete always fails from tensile stresses even when loaded in compression. The practical implication of these facts is that concrete elements that are subjected to tensile stresses must be reinforced. Concrete is most often constructed with the addition of steel bar or fiber reinforcement. The reinforcement can be by bars (rebar), mesh, or fibres to produce reinforced concrete. Concrete can also be pre-stressed (reducing tensile stress) using steel cables, allowing for beams or slabs with a longer span than is practical with reinforced concrete.
hydration, concrete, permeability, compressive strength, tensile stresses
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