Over the past decades, Rwanda has adopted various agricultural extension strategies, transitioning from area-based comprehensive package programs to modified training and visit systems. The most recent model, known as "Twigire Muhinzi," aims to enhance participatory extension services. However, these approaches often rely on a standardized advisory system, applying a "one-size-fits-all" method that disseminates uniform technological solutions and extension messages to all smallholder farmers.Agricultural extension services play a crucial role in knowledge transfer and the promotion of innovative farming technologies, contributing to increased productivity and sustainability. Traditional models often overlook the diverse ecological and socio-economic conditions of farmers. This study explores the significance of customized agricultural extension services in Rwanda, highlighting their importance, implementation strategies, challenges, and advantages. Leveraging digital tools, participatory methods, and farmer-centric models, tailored extension services can significantly improve agricultural productivity and sustainability.Employing a desk review methodology, this research synthesizes insights from academic literature, policy reports, and institutional strategies. Findings indicate strong governmental support, promising ICT-driven initiatives, and organized farmer networks, yet challenges persist in terms of coordination and financial sustainability. Key recommendations include enhancing research integration, aligning policies, and strengthening capacity-building efforts to ensure an effective and scalable agricultural extension framework.
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