Constructed wetland systems (CWs) can be considered the most promising and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment in different parts of the world. There is an enormous potential for the application of CWs in developing countries. However, the use of CWs for greywater treatment is still underutilized in developed countries, and it is almost not popular in developing countries where greywater treatment and recycling can be advantageous. The removal mechanisms, including microbial degradation, phytoremediation, phytoextraction, sedimentation, adsorption, filtration etc., can be identified within the CWs. Subsurface CWs can be considered a viable alternative since tropical countries have a year-round conducive climate for rapid biological growth. Vertical flow CWs have been identified as the effective type of wetland for removing TSS, BOD and TN efficiently, while Horizontal flow CWs have been recognized as the better option for removing TP. The performance of CWs in terms of TN, TP and COD removal is significantly affected by several limiting factors prevailing in the temperate climate. Providing insulating materials, identifying most suitable macrophytes, introducing a zeolite tank for the further purification process of the effluent and incorporating the greenhouse structures can be used to improve the performance of CWs in the temperate regions.
Constructed wetland systems, Greywater, Removal mechanisms
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