The growing adoption of cloud storage systems has brought significant advantages to enterprises, including cost savings, scalability, and flexibility. However, it has also introduced new security challenges, particularly concerning the protection of data at rest. Data stored in the cloud is vulnerable to a variety of threats, including unauthorized access, data breaches, and insider threats. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of encryption and access control mechanisms in safeguarding data at rest within cloud storage environments. By examining the state-of-the-art encryption techniques, such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption, as well as the role of identity and access management (IAM) frameworks, this paper aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing security measures. Additionally, the paper investigates the implications of regulatory requirements, such as GDPR and HIPAA, on encryption and access control strategies. Through a combination of theoretical analysis and real-world case studies, this paper offers insights into the current best practices and proposes future directions for enhancing the security of cloud storage systems. The findings suggest that while encryption and access control are critical in mitigating risks, their implementation must be tailored to the specific needs and threat profiles of cloud environments to ensure comprehensive data protection.
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