Groundwater constitutes the principal source of drinking water in Kahalgaon Town of Bhagalpur district, Bihar, where concerns regarding geogenic contamination have increased in recent years. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the concentration and health significance of arsenic, iron, and fluoride in commonly used groundwater sources. Physico-chemical data of water were obtained during the research period following standard analytical procedures. The mean concentrations recorded were 0.0022 ± 0.0001 mg/L for arsenic, 0.53 ± 0.001 mg/L for iron, and 0.26 ± 0.0012 mg/L for fluoride. The values remained within desirable and permissible limits for drinking water.Despite compliance with guideline values, the consistent detection of these elements reflects ongoing geochemical mobilization within the aquifer. Scientific evidence from the Middle Gangetic plain suggests that long-term exposure to even low concentrations may produce cumulative health stress, particularly in populations with high dependency on untreated groundwater. Elevated iron may affect aesthetic quality and consumer acceptance, while trace arsenic and fluoride require vigilance because of their chronic toxicity potential.The study therefore identifies the groundwater of Kahalgaon as presently usable but environmentally vulnerable. Regular monitoring, early warning strategies, and public awareness are recommended to prevent future deterioration and to safeguard community health.
Groundwater quality; Arsenic; Iron; Fluoride; Kahalgaon; Middle Gangetic plain; Drinking water; Public health risk; Geogenic contamination.
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