Fluoride contamination in freshwater ecosystems has emerged as a critical environmental issue, primarily due to industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and natural sources such as mineral weathering. While fluoride is essential in trace amounts, excessive concentrations (>1.5 mg/L) lead to toxicity in aquatic organisms, causing skeletal deformities, oxidative stress, and reproductive impairments. Fish, amphibians, and invertebrates exhibit growth retardation, neurological disorders, and enzyme inhibition when exposed to elevated fluoride levels. Conventional remediation methods, such as chemical precipitation and reverse osmosis, are effective but costly and environmentally unsustainable. In contrast, bio-remediation (microbial degradation), phytoremediation (aquatic plants), and adsorption-based filtration (biochar, clay minerals, and nanotechnology) provide cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions. Comparative analysis indicates that nanotechnology-based methods achieve the highest fluoride removal efficiency (>95%), while bioremediation and phytoremediation are more sustainable for long-term applications. A comprehensive mitigation strategy integrating scientific innovation, policy intervention, and community participation is essential for effective fluoride management. Strengthening industrial regulations, promoting sustainable agriculture, and implementing affordable filtration systems can significantly reduce fluoride pollution in water bodies. Public awareness programs and continuous water quality monitoring further enhance risk mitigation efforts. Future research should focus on hybrid remediation approaches, combining biological and nanomaterial-based techniques for enhanced efficiency and sustainability. By adopting a multi-disciplinary approach, fluoride toxicity can be controlled, ensuring the protection of aquatic biodiversity and safe water access for human populations.
Fluoride contamination, freshwater ecosystems, bioremediation, aquatic toxicity, phytoremediation, adsorption-based filtration, nanotechnology, sustainable remediation
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development - IJTSRD having
online ISSN 2456-6470. IJTSRD is a leading Open Access, Peer-Reviewed International
Journal which provides rapid publication of your research articles and aims to promote
the theory and practice along with knowledge sharing between researchers, developers,
engineers, students, and practitioners working in and around the world in many areas
like Sciences, Technology, Innovation, Engineering, Agriculture, Management and
many more and it is recommended by all Universities, review articles and short communications
in all subjects. IJTSRD running an International Journal who are proving quality
publication of peer reviewed and refereed international journals from diverse fields
that emphasizes new research, development and their applications. IJTSRD provides
an online access to exchange your research work, technical notes & surveying results
among professionals throughout the world in e-journals. IJTSRD is a fastest growing
and dynamic professional organization. The aim of this organization is to provide
access not only to world class research resources, but through its professionals
aim to bring in a significant transformation in the real of open access journals
and online publishing.