Primary productivity is the metabolic engine of aquatic ecosystems, governing the energy available for higher trophic levels and aquaculture yields. This review synthesizes the historical evolution of productivity studies-from early trophic-dynamic models to modern climate-resilient frameworks. It specifically examines the drivers of carbon fixation in the Middle Gangetic Plain, focusing on how seasonal variations and nutrient stoichiometry influence phytoplankton dynamics. By bridging global limnological theories with regional data from Bihar, this article provides an overview of the factors sustaining aquatic energy flow in subtropical environments under the pressures of 21st-century climate change.
Primary Productivity, Pond, Ecosystem, Global.
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