Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious Antibiotic – Associated Diarrhea (AAD). Like most other enteric bacterial pathogens, Clostridium difficile causes disease with a wide spectrum of severity ranging from mild ‘nuisance’ diarrhea with a normal colonic mucosa to pseudo membranous colitis, which is characterized by severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea and fever. Constitutional signs such as fever, fatigue and loss of appetite are prominent. The incidence of infection with this organism is increased in hospitals worldwide, due to the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Clostridium difficile is transmitted from person to person by the fecal-oral route. However, the organism forms large numbers of heat-resistant spores which remain viable in the hospital or nursing home environment for long periods of time. Infection rates for Clostridium difficile are reported to be around 10% after 2 weeks of hospitalization but may reach 50% after 4 or more weeks. Each year in North America, 1–3% of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics become infected with C. difficile, leading to thousands of deaths and over $1 billion in associated costs to the health-care system.
Clostridium difficile, IgY, SDS-PAGE, ELISA
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