Aluminum toxicity is considered one of the major growth limiting factors for crop production on acid soils worldwide, and pose a major challenge to agriculture sustainability. At low pH, the most toxic form of Al+3 is released into the soil and causes extensive damage to plants, especially in the root. To develop high tolerance against Al toxicity is the prime concern of plant science. Research has reported that the Brassinosteroids play a diverse role in plant growth, development and stress response. Although the BRs have been exhaustively studied, a comprehensive overview of the manner in which BRs participate in calcium signaling pathways under Al toxicity and regulating plant Al tolerance has not yet been undertaken. In this article, we highlight the interactive role of BRs and Ca, regulating plant growth at the physiological, biological and molecular level, focusing mainly on the BRs induced Ca signaling participate in regulating reactive oxygen species suggesting an elevation in ROS generation confer plant Al resistance. Significantly, this review addresses the current, albeit partially understood, emerging aspects on (i) Al-induced physiological, biochemical, and genotoxic mechanism and responses in plants and (ii) the role of BRs and Ca in the modulation of Al-induced toxicity in plants. These finding might provide further potential for the relevance of BRs and Ca in phytoremediation and Al detoxification in crops.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogenase
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